基于流体替换的地震波场数值模拟与分析技术*

提出了一套综合地质模型的精细建模方法、弹性波动方程叠前正演方法、叠前深度偏移方法、储层流体替换方法的地震波场数值模拟与分析技术,该技术首先采用多次循环计算与分析的地质模型建模方法,建立目标地震剖面准确的地质模型和参数模型;然后采用流体替换方法计算储层在各种流体饱和状态下的等效参数;并采用新的参数模型进行地震波场数值模拟,获得各种流体饱和状态下储层的地震反射波场特征。渤海某地区应用实例的结果表明,该技术不仅可以获得准确的油藏模型;而且可以有效地获得油、水层的地震响应特征,有效地指导后续的储层与油水识别,具有重要的理论和实际应用价值。     

窄方位角地震资料在裂缝储层预测中的应用

针对窄方位地震采集中裂缝检测难题,通过远近偏移距属性差异地震正演和方位地震属性差异的地震正演,模拟得到针对窄方位地震采集区块的叠前裂缝储层预测方法;利用JZ油田叠前地震资料中的远近偏移距信息、方位地震信息,通过远近偏移距属性差和方位地震属性差,并综合叠前弹性参数反演和应力场模拟等技术方法,对裂缝储层进行预测.预测结果在后验井中得到了证实.     

碳酸盐岩裂缝储层精细建模及其数值模拟

为了有效地进行碳酸盐岩裂缝储层的地震波场数值模拟,提出了一种碳酸盐岩裂缝储层的精细建模技术,该技术包含裂缝发育带位置的准确设定和裂缝发育带物性参数的准确设定两项内容。首先基于三维叠后地震资料的裂缝检测资料和根据地震层位资料建立背景地层模型,建立包含裂缝发育带的碳酸盐岩裂缝储层模型;然后,基于流体因子分析的基质矿物体积模量反演方法,采用Hudson模型准确地计算裂缝发育带的等效物性参数。渤海某区的碳酸盐岩裂缝储层建模的实例表明,提出的碳酸盐岩裂缝储层精细建模技术能准确地建立研究区的裂缝储层模型,其得到的地震波场特征与井旁地震响应特征一致,可以有效地总结研究区裂缝储层的地震波场响应特征;并应用于指导后续的储层预测。     

基于DFN离散裂缝网络模型的裂缝性储层建模方法

针对目前裂缝性储层建模方法存在的问题, 探讨DFN离散裂缝网络模型的裂缝性储层建模的思路和方法, 提出分大尺度和中小尺度两种裂缝级别建立DFN离散裂缝模型。首先, 按照确定性建模方法, 以三维地震资料建立大尺度裂缝的空间分布模型。然后, 以岩芯观测和成像测井解释的裂缝密度、长度、倾角、方位等统计信息为基础, 在地震裂缝预测的属性体约束下, 建立全区裂缝密度分布模型, 并以该数据体为约束, 利用随机建模方法, 建立中小尺度的裂缝网络模型, 实现井间裂缝密度的约束。最后, 通过整合大尺度和中小尺度的DFN模型, 建立Z地区综合离散裂缝网络模型及其裂缝孔隙度、渗透率等属性模型。该模型反映了储层裂缝的三维空间分布特征, 为该区油藏数值模拟提供了地质基础。     

花岗岩潜山双重孔隙介质油藏地质建模方法

花岗岩潜山裂缝型油藏受构造、风化、溶蚀等作用影响,其储层具有双重孔隙特征,其地质建模研究一直为业内难点和热点。为此,综合运用测井、地震、岩芯、试井等多方面资料,深入剖析了裂缝成因,明确了断层和“沟脊”地貌为该区裂缝分布的主控因素;进而,采用DFN（Discrete Fracture Network）建模技术,形成了以裂缝成因控制的花岗岩潜山地质建模方法。即以裂缝成因为依据建立了裂缝分布的趋势体,以之为约束,建立花岗岩潜山裂缝网络模型,进而得到等效裂缝属性模型,并通过测井、试井等资料校验模型的可靠性。应用该方法,建立渤海A油田花岗岩潜山的地质模型,该模型较好地表征了油田裂缝分布特征,为开发方案编制奠定了基础。     

基于蚂蚁体的“相”控地质建模

任丘潜山雾迷山组碳酸盐岩油藏具有构造断裂系统复杂、油藏纵横向各向异性强的特点,其储集空间复杂,由孔隙、裂缝及溶洞组成,储层的发育程度主要受裂缝控制.如果采用传统的方法建立该油藏的三维地质模型,即从测井解释的物性参数出发应用随机建模方法进行模拟,无法反映出油藏复杂缝洞系统的几何特性,所建模型不能很好地体现储层的展布特征.已有研究表明基于地震资料的蚂蚁属性体可以全面地展现油藏断裂系统的空间分布.因此,基于蚂蚁属性体与成像测井资料建立该油藏的"裂缝发育相",进而进行裂缝发育相控建模.储量及储层参数检验表明该方法建立的地质模型与实际更为吻合,突破了传统意义上的相控建模方法,对缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层的三维地质建模具有良好的推广作用.     

煤层气藏储层裂缝建模研究

针对煤层气藏储层天然裂缝发育,采用DFN离散裂缝网络模型的裂缝性储层建模方法和思路。以沁端区块煤层气藏为例,首先,建立了煤层气藏三维构造模型,在构造模型的基础上,利用序贯高斯随机建模方法,建立了煤层气藏基质属性模型,为裂缝模型的建立与离散粗化奠定基础。然后,以测井解释的裂缝密度、长度、倾角、方位等统计数据为基础,在地震裂缝预测的属性体约束条件下,建立全区裂缝密度分布模型。最后,以裂缝密度分布模型为控制条件,利用离散裂缝网络技术(discrete fracture network,DFN),建立了沁端区块煤层气藏离散裂缝网络模型及其裂缝孔隙度、渗透率等属性模型。通过对模型的验证分析,认为该模型能客观真实地反应煤层气藏储层天然裂缝的几何特征和分布形态,为该区块煤层气藏数值模拟提供了地质基础和依据。     

火成岩复杂岩性潜山“相控”裂缝建模及质控方法 ——以惠州26-6油田潜山油气藏为例

珠江口盆地惠州26-6油田火成岩潜山岩性复杂,裂缝发育,储层非均质性强,常规单一地震裂缝预测技术无法精细刻画裂缝分布规律,因此提出一套基于地质主控因素定量表征约束下的“相控”裂缝建模技术及其质控方法。首先利用钻井及地震资料精细刻画主要岩性体空间分布,并建立火成岩岩性模型;其次,采用裂缝发育主控因素定量表征方法,预测不同成因裂缝井间分布规律,建立不同成因裂缝发育密度概率体;在此基础上,以井点裂缝密度作为硬数据,以裂缝发育密度概率体为约束条件,采用随机模拟方法建立裂缝密度模型;最后,以裂缝密度模型及井点统计裂缝参数为输入信息,在岩性模型控制下通过地质统计学方法建立离散裂缝网络模型,并运用petrel软件中的Oda算法将其等效为裂缝属性模型。采用动静态结合的方法对裂缝模型进行质控优选,得到符合地质、油藏认识的裂缝属性模型。该模型较好的表征了潜山不同部位、不同岩性储层裂缝的发育特征,可有效指导油气田开发方案的编制。     

柴达木盆地东坪气田基岩储层裂缝建模方法研究

东坪气田基岩气藏是罕见的非常规裂缝性气藏，有效模拟天然裂缝的发育状况及展布特征十分困难。针对这一问题，在分析东坪气田基岩气藏储集空间特征的基础上，确立了基岩储层DFN离散裂缝模型的建立思路。先基于成像测井解释的裂缝倾角、裂缝方位角等裂缝特性参数，将东坪基岩储层裂缝分为两组走向近似垂直的天然裂缝，分别模拟了两组天然裂缝的密度分布。再以裂缝密度曲线作为目标曲线、地震综合属性体作为趋势约束体，建立了DFN离散裂缝分布模型。通过提取裂缝密度、孔隙度及渗透率等属性参数，研究了东坪基岩储层裂缝的分布特征，发现裂缝主要受断层控制，平面上和纵向上均存在强的非均匀发育特性。最后，运用东坪基岩储层生产动态特征和气藏数值模拟的产量历史拟合效果检验了DFN离散裂缝模型对基岩储层的适用性。研究成果可为非常规基岩储层的裂缝模拟提供强有力的技术手段。     

碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层多元信息融合建模方法在塔河油田十二区奥陶系油藏的应用

针对碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏类型复杂且均质性强的特点,以“多类多尺度建模”为思路,引入“多方法结合、多概率融合”手段,提出多元信息融合建模方法。根据储层特征,分别对不同类型储层的地质建模进行研究。结果表明：以井震结合的方式确定性表征地下暗河储集体;以多点方法和基于目标方法相结合,融合断层控制发育概率和地震概率,建立断控岩溶储集体;以序贯指示方法,融合不整合面控制概率和地震概率,可建立溶蚀孔洞储集体;以蚂蚁体追踪方法可建立大尺度和中尺度裂缝模型;以基于目标方法建立小尺度裂缝模型,融合后的模型能够表征缝洞型储层的储集体分布特征,其储量复算和油藏数值模拟结果拟合度高,可作为开发方案的调整依据。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that