Progress of Photovoltaic Technology in China

Chinese government has been devoting itself to the development of renewable energy sources. This paper describes the history, achievement and future trends of photovoltaie technology, and suggestions axe proposed for strengthening the research and development （R＆D） ability of China.     

The status quo and prospect of biomass power generation in China

Facing the pressure of fossil energy exhaustion and environment pollution, people begin to search for clean and renewable energy to partly substitute fossil energy and realize sustainable development. As the fourth type of energy, biomass energy has many advantages ： wide distribution, large quantity, being renewable, clean, storable and transportable and so on. By adopting thermo-chemical and biochemical technologies, biomass energy can be converted to high quality solid, liquid and gaseous energy products, and provide convenient heat and power energy for human being＇ s production and daily life. This paper presented the status quo of biomass power generation industry in China and also introduced briefly the future development models.     

China’s bioenergy industry development roadmap

Positive development of renewable energy, saving and substitution of fossil energy, promotion of the energy structure adjustment are the inevitable strategy choices of China＇ s sustainable development. This paper discussed the China＇ s bioenergy resources status, development targets and technology development roadmaps. China has 136. 140 million hm^2 of marginal land, which distribute mainly in western and northern regions. There are 1 billion t of crop residues and forestry waste annually, and 300 million t can be used to produce different kinds of bioenergies. And organic waste and manure can generate 50 billion m3 of biogas. The discussed development target indicated that it can construct a biomass oilfield with the capacity of 100 million t/year and reduce 200 million t of CO2 emission by 2020. The bioenergy technology development roadmap indicated that the bioethanol mainly uses non grain starch and hemicellulose products as raw materials in the near-term （2006 -2010）. The biodiesel technology will focus on the advanced production technology, FT diesel, liquefaction of biomass and raw material production technology.     

Study of the Development Road Map of China’s Renewable Energy

Renewable energy （RE） has been attached high attention around the world due to its carbon-free and indigenous production in a sustainable way. China enjoys plenty of renewable energy resources, particularly the wind, solar, hydro- and biomass energy, which could be a sound basis for a large-scale exploitation. This report examines the current status of RE technology and industry, analyzes the challenges of promoting RE in China. In order to pave the way for a long-term development of RE, this paper outlines the basic principles and priorities for individual RE technology. In line with these, the paper puts forward the RE targets and further describes the RE road map by 2020, 2030 and extend to 2050, taking consideration of China＇ s RE resources, industrial basis and energy demand etc. At last, this paper provides some recommendations to ensure the achievements of the RE targets.     

The role of duckweed in bio-liquid fuel production and environmental protection

With the world economic development, population growth and improvement of people＇ s living standard, the energy shortage has become the core issue of restricting the development of the world economy. China faces serious energy crisis and environmental problems, so the development of biofuels in China is vital. This paper introduces the advantages of duckweed for energy production, summarizes the research results of Chengdu Institute of Biology on duckweed, and provides the direction of its further studv.     

Nanomaterials for Clean Air,Energy and Water

正In the last decade,environmental pressures due to air and water pollution and the drive for clean energy supply are rising,which have led to the tremendous interest and investment in sustainable materials research.China has been at the forefront of research and development of clean technologies for air,water and energy not surprisingly because of the strong need for such technologies to balance development and     

Current Status, Challenges, and Future Sustainable Development Strategies for China Energy

China‘s rapid economic growth, high-energy-intensitive industrial and product structure, coaldominated energy structure, and low-energy efficiency result in China being the second largest energy consumer as well as the second largest C02 emission country in the world. The Markal model, an integrated energy, environment, and economic model, was used to analyze China‘s energy development scenarios from 1995 through 2050 for policy study of long-term energy strategies. The results show that diversified, reliable, and environmentally sound energy development strategies should be adopted for China to solve the challenges of the increasing energy demand, the enlarging gap between the oil demand and supply, and growing concerns over local as well as global environmental issues. Coal-derived synthetic transportation fuels through coal liquefaction, hydrogen making, and advanced coal-based poly-generation technologies should be developed to solve energy security issues.     

Nanomaterials for renewable hydrogen production, storage and utilization

An ever growing demand for energy coupled with increasing pollution is forcing us to seek environmentally clean alternative energy resources to substitute fossil fuels. The rapid development of nanomaterials has opened up new avenues for the conversion and utilization of renewable energy. This article reviews nanostructured materials designed for selected applications in renewable energy conversion and utilization. The review is based on the authors’ research, with particular focus on solar hydrogen production, hydrogen storage and hydrogen utilization. The topics include photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting and photocatalytic hydrogen production, solid-state hydrogen storage, and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). It is expected that the rational design of nanomaterials could play an important role in achieving a renewable energy based economy in the coming decades.     

Research focuses and advance technologies of smart grid in recent years

The smart grid is attracting more and more attention in electrical engineering for its promising features.However,huge challenges also exist in the implementations of the smart grid,such as high penetration of renewable energy resources,low carbon electricity and cyber-physical security,etc.In this paper,the latest progress of some research focuses and advance technologies in the development of smart grid is reviewed.     

Preface

正The ever increasing concerns over energy security due to the depletion of fossil fuel give rise to heightened interest in and greater effort towards more sustainable energy supply and utilisation.In the meantime,the climate change as a result of CO2emission from fossil fuel use is undoubtedly another key driver for renewable energy development.Unfortunately,renewable energy such as solar,hydroelectric,wind and geothermal only constitutes a very small     

Exploration on ecological regulation of the reservoirs

Reservoir regulation process in the Yangtze River basin is mainly divided into two types of flood regulation and initiating benefit regulation. The present reservoir management system and operation mode are mainly for dealing with or coordinating of flood control and benefit initiation as well as benefit distribution among various beneficial functions. From the view point of river ecosystem protection, the current regulation mode has two kinds of problems ： firstly, most of the reservoir regulation plans do not consider ecosystem protection at downstream of dams and needs of environment protection in reservoir areas; secondly, integrated regulation or management of water resources is ignored. It is very necessary to improve reservoir regulation mode, bearing problems faced by regulation of the Three Gorges reservoir and issues related to cascade development and regulation in Tuojiang and Minjiang River basins in mind. In accordance with the concept of scientific development, and the philosophy of ＂ensuring a healthy Yangtze River and promoting the harmony between human and water＂, taking flood control, benefit initiation and eco-system as a whole, this paper put forward the basic consideration to improve reservoir regulation as follows ： on the basis of requirements of ecosystem protection at downstream of dams and needs of environment protection in reservoir areas, we should bring the functions of reservoir such as flood control and benefit initiation into full play, control the negative influence to the ecosystem at downstream of dams and the environment in reservoir areas in an endurable scope, and restore the ecosystem and the environment step by step. This paper put forward the relevant regulation process aiming at the idiographic problems such as protection of ecosystem at downstream of dams and environment in reservoir areas, protection of aquatic wildlife species and fish species, regulation of sediment and protection of wetland.     

Study on complexity of Sutong Bridge＇ s objectives system and its meta-synthesis management

Objectives define the boundaries of complex engineering system. It is a hard work to identify the specific objectives of a complex engineering system. The objectives system development needs a complicated process, from nix to prototype, and to final definition. The total process will cover the following course： from chaos to well-ordered; from qualitativeness to combination of quantitativeness and qualitativenss, then from qualitativeness to quantitativeness （ a recurrent process）, expert experience and theoretical science, rationality and sensibility, synthesis analysis and meta-synthesis, routinization and non-routinization. Such process is explicit in phase development yet overlapped ; mutually confined yet mutually independent ; permeated conflicts yet pregnant in harmony. This article explores the complexity of Sutong Bridge＇ s objectives development and the process of meta-synthesis in the Sutong Bridge engineering.     

Mycelial fermentation and medicinal properties of a valuable medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis Cs-HK1

Cordyceps sinensis （Cs） or Dongchongxiacao in Chinese is a rare and precious medicinal mushroom. In this work, a Tolypocladium sp. fungus named Cs-HK1 was isolated from a natural Cs fruiting body, and its ultraviolet （UV）, infrared （IR） and high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） spectra all exhibited high degrees of matching to those of natural Cs, indicating the similarity of chemical composition. A crude polysaccharide （PS） fraction isolated from Cs-HKI fungal mycelium showed significant antitumor activity, inhibiting melanoma tumor growth in mice. The PS-treated mice showed significantly higher serum interferon-y （IFN-y） level and higher proliferation rate of lymphocytes ex vivo than the control animals, suggestive of the immunomodulatory activity of the PS fraction. In cell cultures, the PS fraction caused a significant and dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of two cancer cell lines, B16/neu mouse melanoma and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells, but not on normal spleen lymphocytes in vitro. Most of these bioactivities of the Cs- HK1 fungus were comparable to or even greater than those of natural Cs. The results showed that Cs-HK1 fungus may be a functional substitute for the natural Cs in health food and herbal medicine.     

Simulated change in the near-surface soil freeze/thaw cycle on the Tibetan Plateau from 1981 to 2010

The near-surface freeze/thaw cycle in cold regions plays a major role in the surface energy budget,hydrological activity,and terrestrial ecosystems.In this study,the Community Land Model,Version 4 and a suite of high-resolution atmospheric data were used to investigate the changes in the near-surface soil freeze/thaw cycle in response to the warming on the Tibetan Plateau from1981 to 2010.The in situ observations-based validation showed that,considering the cause of scale mismatch in the comparison,the simulated soil temperature,freeze start and end dates,and freeze duration at the near-surface were reasonable.In response to the warming of the Tibetan Plateau at a rate of approximately 0.44°C decade-1,the freeze start-date became delayed at an area-mean rate of1.7 days decade-1,while the freeze end-date became advanced at an area-mean rate of 4.7 days decade-1.The delaying of the freeze start-date,which was combined with the advancing of the freeze end-date,resulted in a statistically significant shortening trend with respect to the freeze duration,at an area-mean rate of 6.4 days decade-1.Such changes would strongly affect the surface energy flux,hydrological processes,and vegetation dynamics.We also found that the rate of freeze-duration shortening at the near-surface soil layer was approximately 3.0 days decade-1lower than that at a depth of 1 m.This implied that the changes in soil freeze/thaw cycles at the near surface cannot be assumed to reflect the situation in deeper soil layers.The significant correlations between freeze duration and air temperature indicated that the shortening of the near-surface freeze duration was caused by the rise in air temperature,which occurred especially in spring,followed by autumn.These results can be used to reveal the laws governing the response of the near-surface freeze/thaw cycle to climate change and indicate related changes in permafrost.     

Building mechanism exploration of new deepwater terminal in Hengsha

To promote the construction of Shanghai international shipping center, the planneu new acepwatcr terminal construction in Hengsha pushes forward the innovation and breakthroughs of the existing port manage- ment system and building mechanisms. Through reviewing, analyzing, comparing and summarizing the suc- cessful experience of the major ports at home and abroad, market-oriented recommendations will be proposed in terms of effectiveness and feasibility, as well as the idea of＂Shanghai Freeport＂.     

CH4 retrieval from hyperspectral satellite measurements in short-wave infrared: sensitivity study and preliminary test with GOSAT data

One of the important science requirements of monitoring atmospheric methane abundances from hyperspectral measurements is to establish a highly accurate retrieval algorithm.This paper aimed to describe a retrieval algorithm based on a series of sensitivity study with an effective and accurate forward model,which was applied to realize online calculation of absorption coefficient and backscattered solar radiance.The sensitivity study consisted of band selection,interference factors analysis,and retrieval model construction.The band selection analysis indicated that the 1.65 lm band(5,900–6,150 cm-1)associated with the 2.06 lm band(4,800–4,900 cm-1)retained more than 90%of the information content of CH4,CO2,and temperature,and more than 85%of that of H2O in the retrieval.Investigation of the interference factors showed that H2O,temperature,and CO2will cause unacceptable errors if they are not revised.This also showed that revising temperature and H2O with a profile model is more efficient than with a temperature offset and a H2O scale factor model.A preliminarily test using the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite Level 1B spectral data indicated that most of the retrieval errors were less than 1%,which is acceptable for methane flux estimation.     

A simple spectroscopic method for the quantification of gold nanoparticle number concentration in water and fetal bovine serum solutions

In this work,we developed a facile and low-cost method with sufficient sensitivity for the quantitative determination of gold nanoparticles(GNPs)number concentration in water and fetal bovine serum solutions.The Au(III)digested from GNPs was reduced to Au(I)presumably by the thiol group of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole,then the Au(I)–thiolate complex was formed,the concentration of which is determined by absorbance at 300 nm.The number concentration of GNPs can be converted using microscopic images and simple calculations.The interference of serum can be avoided in this method.The limit of detection(LOD)of GNPs was calculated as 2.1 910-12mol/L in water solution and 1.3 9 10-11mol/L in fetal bovine serum(FBS)solution.This method provides a simple and fast way to determine the concentration of GNPs,which can be in carried out in the routine laboratory practice.     

Inactivation of Giardia by Ozone and Its Disinfect Mechanisms

This study was to investigate the effect of ozone(O3)inactivation on Giardia in water by the fluorescence staining method.In order to elucidate the dominant mechanisms of inactivation,cell surface or inner cell components damage were comparatively examined by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Results suggested that O3had a stronger effect on inactivating capability.Firstly,when the concentration of O3was above 2.0 mg/L and the contact time was up to 5 min,it showed a significant inactivating effect.Secondly,the effect of turbidity on inactivation was also found to be significant in synthetic water;when turbidity increased,the inactivating effect decreased.Thirdly,the inactivating rates were improved with a temperature increase from 5 to 25℃,but decreased when the temperature were out of this range.The inactivating capability of O3was stronger under acidic conditions than alkalic conditions.Lastly,when the concentration of organic matter in the reactive system was increased,probably due to the competition between Giardia and organics on O3,the inactivating rate was decreased;in addition,the cellular morphology of Giardia varied with different contact times.At contact time of 30 s,cells were rotundity and sphericity;at 60 s they became folded,underwent emboly,and burst;and at 240 s,the cell membrane of Giardia shrinked and collapsed completely.     

The impacts of biofuels on food security and supply in China

Biofuels are the current promising alternative to fossil fuels. However, the fluctuating food prices caused by oil price led to critics to biofuels. The paper surveyed biofuels production and grain production and consumption demand, and come to the conclusion that there was a little impact of corn ethanol on international food price, and there was no impact on China＇ s food prices. China has launched non-food biofuels development strategy to use marginal lands for growing hard crops, such as sweet sorghum, tuber crops, and switchgrass etc. to produce biofuels without any impact on food security in the future.