On Association for the Foundation of Science,language and cognition,AFOS; some history and some recent developments

On Association for the Foundation of Science, language and cognition, AFOS; some history and some recent developments     

"If You Don't Know How to Fix it, Please Stop Breaking it!" The Precautionary Principle and Climate Change

Taking precautions to prevent harm. Whether principe de précaution, Vorsorgeprinzip, føre-var prinsippet, or försiktighetsprincip, etc., the precautionary principle embodies the idea that public and private interests should act to prevent harm. Furthermore, the precautionary principle suggests that action should be taken to limit, regulate, or prevent potentially dangerous undertakings even in the absence of absolute scientific proof. Such measures also naturally entail taking economic costs into account. With the environmental disasters of the 1980s, the precautionary principle established itself as an operational concept. On the eve of the 1997 Climate Summit in Kyoto, precaution, as the precautionary principle is often referred to, has now become a key legal principle in environmental law, in general, and in current international climate negotiations, in particular, attempts to understand why. It examines in turn the natural affinity between the precautionary principle and climate change, reviews a series of issues which the principle raises, and discusses avenues which it opens paper, climate change fulfills the theoretical requirements set for the application of the precautionary principle. It comes as no surprise that the actual application of the precautionary principle in the context of climate change raises high political stakes. As a result, climate change science, in particular, and science, in general, is under the fire of politically-motivated scientific skeptics. Thus, by way of the counter-measures which must be put into effect, the precautionary principle calls for a greater sense of responsibility on the part of scientists and the public at large. Specifically, from scientists, it demands perseverance in rigor, excellence in communication, and committment to education. However, even if special efforts are made to implement the precautionary principle in the context of climate change, the success of climate change mitigation will constitute no test of the validity, the usefulness, or the efficiency of the precautionary principle. Indeed, the degree to which climate change mitigation succeeds only provides a measure of our kind's ability to manage responsibly the global commons which we inherited from our ancestors and which our generation enjoys, the global commons which we will pass on to today's children and to generations to come.     

Seriation in the Presence of Errors: NP-Hardness of <Emphasis Type="Italic">l</Emphasis><Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">∞</Emphasis></Subscript> -Fitting Robinson Structures to Dissimilarity Matrices

In this paper, we establish that the following fitting problem is NP-hard: given a finite set X and a dissimilarity measure d on X (d is a symmetric function from X ² to the nonnegative real numbers and vanishing on the diagonal), we wish to find a Robinsonian dissimilarity d _R on X minimizing the l _∞ -error ||d − d _R || _∞ = max_x,y ∈X{|d(x, y) − d _R (x, y)|} between d and d _R . Recall that a dissimilarity d _R on X is called monotone (or Robinsonian) if there exists a total order ≺ on X such that x ≺ z ≺ y implies that d(x, y) ≥ max{d(x, z), d(z, y)}. The Robinsonian dissimilarities appear in seriation and clustering problems, in sparse matrix ordering and DNA sequencing.     

论余震更名为续震或后震

根据余震的词义、定义、余震的汉译英和英译汉等方面存在的问题,论证了为余震正名的必要性,提议废弃余震一词,改用续震或者后震来代替。     

Heidegger on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Verfallenheit</Emphasis>

The question of Heidegger’s reflections on technology is explored in terms of ‘living with’ technology and including the socio-theoretical (Edinburgh) notion of ‘entanglement’ towards a review of Heidegger’s understanding of technology and media, including the entertainment industry and modern digital life. I explore Heidegger’s reflections on Gelassenheit by way of the Japanese aesthetic conception of life and of art as wabi-sabi understood with respect to Heidegger’s Gelassenheit as the art of Verfallenheit.     

两个“烧结” 一个也不能少 

“烧结”在矿物工程和粉末冶金两个学科领域都是核心名词，尽管两类烧结都是通过高温改变物料的凝聚状态，但已分别被赋予了互不相同的内涵，存在着一系列本质上的差别，不能相互取代。在汇编冶金学基本名词时，两个“烧结”应该分别列出，一个也不能少。     

女权主义或女性主义辨析——由feminism的中译引发的思考

针对目前feminism一词存在"女权主义"和"女性主义"两种中文译名的分歧,在回顾西方feminism的发展进程之后,试图从翻译意义论的角度来考察两个译名的形成原因和两者之间存在的差距,从而为feminism找到一个贴切的中文翻译。     

测绘学名词

测绘学 surveying and mapping，SM研究与地球有关的地理空间信息的采集、处理、显示、管理、利用的科学与技术。     

Algorithms for ℓ<Subscript>1</Subscript>-Embeddability and Related Problems

Assouad has shown that a real-valued distance d = (d_ij)_{1 ≤ i < j ≤ n} is isometrically embeddable in ℓ₁space if and only if it belongs to the cut cone on n points. Determining if this condition holds is NP-complete. We use Assouad's result in a constructive column generation algorithm for ℓ₁-embeddability. The subproblem is an unconstrained 0-1 quadratic program, solved by Tabu Search and Variable Neighborhood Search heuristics as well as by an exact enumerative algorithm. Computational results are reported. Several ways to approximate a distance which is not ℓ₁-embeddable by another one which is are also studied.     

07式军服标志服饰术语“绶带”应为“穗带”

中国人民解放军07式军服增加了丰富多样的各类标志服饰，并首次向所有军官配发了礼服。其中，礼服上垂挂的金黄色丝带被权威机构和新闻媒体冠以“绶带”之称谓。实际上，“绶带”这一术语的指称对象是错误的，那条金黄色丝带应该叫作“穗带”。     

形象性应成为术语定名原则之一——以地质学术语中的“亲”与“嫌”为例

文章从地质学术语中的“亲”与“嫌”两个构成要素入手,初步探讨术语定名和汉译中的形象性问题,并结合对《地质学名词》相关文本的统计分析,尝试提出促成术语形象性的三种生成方式——摹状、拟人和隐喻。在前人基础上总结当前术语定名原则,认为形象性对于术语系统尤其是汉语术语系统具有重要意义,应当成为定名原则之一,并提出这些原则应当按照由微观到宏观的次序进行参照。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">The Mathematical Intelligencer</Emphasis> Flunks the Olympics

The Mathematical Intelligencer recently published a note by Y. Sergeyev that challenges both mathematics and intelligence. We examine Sergeyev’s claims concerning his purported Infinity computer. We compare his grossone system with the classical Levi-Civita fields and with the hyperreal framework of A. Robinson, and analyze the related algorithmic issues inevitably arising in any genuine computer implementation. We show that Sergeyev’s grossone system is unnecessary and vague, and that whatever consistent subsystem could be salvaged is subsumed entirely within a stronger and clearer system (IST). Lou Kauffman, who published an article on a grossone, places it squarely outside the historical panorama of ideas dealing with infinity and infinitesimals.     

中国高铁“出海”术语库建设与应用

术语规范及相关标准国际化成为中国高铁“出海”的重要基础。文章以概念系统为切入点,阐述了多语种高铁术语库建设的内容与方法,包括术语的收集、提取、翻译与审核,术语库的创建、维护与管理等。术语库建设完成后,可应用于高铁相关翻译实践、高铁术语词典编纂与BTI、MTI翻译教学等领域,促进术语标准化建设,完善术语规范与统一。开展中国高铁术语库建设具有重要现实意义,有利于中国高铁产品、技术和服务真正“走出去”,打造中国高铁国际竞争话语权,彰显中国智造和文化自信,提高中国国际影响力。     

新型材料——单原子石墨膜

graphene 是按蜂房结构密集排列的单原子层碳薄膜二维材料。它的π键（价带）与π*键（导带）,在蜂房结构晶格布里渊区顶角两个不等价点互相接触。荷电载流子显现极高的本征迁移率,在室温下,能在亚微米距离弹道运行而不受到散射。它是世界上最薄的电子材料,可制备超高频晶体管。文章分析了近年对graphene材料的研究和应用情况,试图探索今后的发展方向,还讨论了graphene的中文译名。     

染整专业术语翻译探讨

探讨染整专业术语翻译过程中应注意的几个问题.为保证术语翻译的准确性,应关注概念的内涵与外延;为使专业术语翻译规范,需参照相关学科的规范名词,对物质名称的翻译应结合物质的化学结构及汉字的使用习惯;对可译为多个术语的词条,其翻译应视具体语言环境进行词义的选择或引申;应继承现有的术语并在此基础上发展新的术语.