火灾时隧道截面形状对临界风速和烟气分布影响的数值研究

模拟分析了某地铁实际工程中三种区间隧道断面(单线盾构圆形断面、单跨矩形断面和双跨矩形断面)对临界风速的影响,结果表明单线盾构圆形隧道的临界风速最大,双跨矩形隧道对应的临界风速最小.拟合得出了纵向通风速度和逆流层长度的变化关系式,计算得出了10 MW火灾强度下三种隧道的临界风速,并在临界风速条件下对三种截面形状隧道对烟气的温度和浓度分布的影响进行了模拟分析,验证了拟合得出的通风速度和逆流层长度变化关系式的准确性,为地铁区间隧道火灾烟气扩散控制和通风系统设计提供了一定的参考依据.     

水平隧道火灾临界风速的理论模型

从热物理学的角度,分析烟气不会发生逆流的临界条件,建立控制隧道火灾烟气蔓延的临界风速理论模型.并通过隧道列车火灾的缩尺寸模型试验和数值模拟计算对水平隧道火灾临界风速进行研究,确定理论模型中的待定系数.将理论预测值与Wu和Bakar模型的预测值进行对比研究.研究结果表明:由该模型计算得到的临界风速与试验测试值较吻合,验证了理论模型的可靠性;Wu和Bakar的模型对油池火灾临界风速的预测值偏低,本文所建立的理论模型不适合预测火源功率较高工况下的临界风速.     

V形坡度对地铁隧道火灾临界风速的影响

由于穿越隧道、燃气管线和地质条件的工程需要,部分地铁隧道是V形坡度隧道。V形坡度隧道的烟囱效应会增加地铁隧道火灾烟气控制的复杂性和困难。该文采用理论分析和数值模拟相结合的方法研究V形隧道夹角和高差对地铁隧道火灾临界风速和烟气返流长度的影响。研究结果表明,坡度隧道的隧道夹角对地铁隧道火灾临界风速有较大影响,隧道火灾临界风速随着上坡隧道夹角增大而变小,隧道火灾临界风速随着下坡隧道夹角增大而变大;V形坡度隧道自然通风竞争效应会对地铁隧道火灾临界风速有较大影响,隧道火灾临界风速随着上坡隧道高差的增大而变小,隧道火灾临界风速随着上坡隧道夹角的增大而变小。该文的研究结果可以为V形坡度隧道通风防排烟系统设计过程中的火灾临界风速取值提供理论参考和依据。     

隧道纵坡对烟气逆流层长度的影响研究

基于纵坡坡度对隧道火灾烟气逆流层长度影响的重要性,本文以某实际隧道工程为研究对象,借助FDS5.0软件对不同坡度时该隧道火灾烟气逆流层长度进行数值模拟研究。从其他文献中总结出烟气逆流层长度随坡度和通风风速变化的规律。根据数值模拟数据分析拟合出新的坡度隧道临界风速的坡度修正公式,该公式完全满足关于逆流层长度受纵坡影响的规律,并较已知经验公式更好地与试验数据相符合,能更好地指导设计人员对隧道纵坡的选取。     

一端开敞的地铁区间隧道烟气流动特性及其烟气控制研究

以重庆某一段349 m长的一端连接地下车站另外一端和室外相通的地铁区间隧道为例,开展全尺寸的火灾实验和数值模拟分析,研究一端开敞的地铁区间隧道烟气流动特性。分析火源在隧道中心位置、不同热释放速率条件下隧道内火灾烟气蔓延速率、隧道内烟气最高温度以及烟气温度在隧道纵向分布的特征,并对比分析利用区间隧道事故风口进行机械排烟和机械送风的烟气控制模式效果,提出描述区间隧道断面形状对烟气流动特性影响的参数。研究结果表明:烟气蔓延速率受纵向风速和车站烟囱效应作用影响,火源上游区域烟气蔓延速率较小,烟气回流距离比两端开敞的公路隧道经验公式计算值小,隧道内烟气最高温度比Kurioka预测模型计算值小,隧道顶部上游的烟气温度纵向分布服从指数衰减规律;将隧道烟气最高温升预测模型应用于形状系数小于1的区间隧道需要进一步修正;区间隧道内靠近地下车站的事故风口,采用机械排烟或机械送风模式,可以有效排除着火区间隧道内的烟气;事故风口机械通风量及其运行模式的选择需综合考虑隧道地理形式、火源功率、疏散方式等因素。     

不同通风方式下地铁区间隧道火灾烟气特性分析

为了解不同通风方式下隧道火灾烟气的运移情况,开展了管道热烟实验;进行了不同通风方式下火灾烟气运移的数值模拟;分别采用理论计算和数值模拟方法得到了不同火源热释放速率的纵向临界风速。结果表明:纵向风速较小时管道中的烟气呈现层状运动,风速较大时烟气分层现象消失;车厢内烟气的温度高于车厢外相同高度的烟气温度;采用数值模拟得到的临界风速低于弗洛德临界模型的计算结果;相同火灾功率时压入式通风临界风速比抽出式通风临界风速略小。当隧道内产生速度不小于2 m/s的纵向风时,可将烟气限制在火源的下游隧道。     

顶部多点竖向排烟下地铁隧道烟气控制研究

通过在某带有独立通风隧道的地铁区间隧道开展0.25～1.25 MW规模的现场火灾实验,对烟气温度分布进行分析,利用火灾动力学模拟工具(fire dynamics simulator, FDS)建立对应实际尺寸的数值模拟隧道模型,展开抑制下游烟气蔓延的通风隧道临界排风量以及排烟效率的研究。对于横向水平中心线温度,火源相对于排烟口的位置对火源附近温度升高区域的范围基本无影响。在地铁隧道内设置进风量可抑制烟气逆流,但同时会造成下游烟气失稳,排烟口无法完全排出高温烟气。对于在不同排风量及火源功率(heat release rate, HRR)的情况下,排烟效率先增大后保持不变;当排风量达到一定值,即等于临界排风量时,排烟口能够完全排出高温烟气,排烟口排烟效率为1,临界值与HRR相关。计算出临界Fr约2.7,略高于此前的研究。得到HRR的经验公式,排烟效率与无量纲HRR和无量纲风速的相关性呈现分段函数关系。     

纵向通风水平隧道火灾烟气流动特性研究

地铁隧道火灾烟气控制是城市公共安全的一个重要组成部分。在分析地铁隧道火灾烟气流动主要影响因素的基础上，将地铁隧道通风和排烟系统作为一个整体考虑，引入地铁隧道火灾烟气的浮力效应和热阻效应，建立了隧道通风网络火灾模拟的数学模型，分析了地铁隧道火灾烟气逆流的临界条件、临界流速、隧道风流及烟流流速与火灾强度的变化关系，为地铁隧道火灾烟气控制和事故应急处理提供科学依据。     

射流风机位置对隧道火灾烟气蔓延特性的影响

为探明隧道火灾临界风速时的火区通风阻力,并明确射流风机局部风流场对隧道烟气蔓延的影响规律,采用计算流体动力学软件ANSYS Fluent,建立了考虑20 MW火灾长度800 m的1∶1隧道数值模型。通过开展5 MW隧道火灾数值计算和1∶10物理模型试验,以临界风速和温度为指标,验证所建数值模型的合理性和适用性。确定隧道火灾临界风速及火区通风阻力,并在临界风速条件下,进行火源与射流风机不同相对位置时隧道火灾场景的数值计算。研究结果表明：300 m隧道内5 MW火灾,临界风速约为2.0 m/s,火区通风阻力约为3.0 Pa; 800 m隧道内20 MW火灾,临界风速约为2.8 m/s,火区通风阻力约为7.0 Pa。在20 MW火灾临界风速条件下,当火源位于风机下游40 m范围内,烟气分层完全被破坏,火源下游区域不利于人员疏散,当火源位于风机下游80及120 m处,烟气状态分别为分层较好和分层良好,相应的火灾危险区域分别为火源下游300 m范围内和火源下游100 m范围内;当火源位于风机的上游,烟气蔓延至风机位置前分层良好,蔓延至风机位置后,随高速射流迅速向下部扩散并充满隧道断面,风机下游区...     

铁路隧道火灾烟气逆流的计算模型

通过理论分析结合经验公式,构建铁路隧道火灾烟气逆流距离的计算模型。建立长为52.5 m、内径为1.1 m、缩尺寸(1:9)的实验模型隧道。设定了7个隧道坡度、4个纵向风速,用以模拟实际隧道火灾场景,获得不同坡度和不同通风情况下烟气逆流距离的变化。实验结果表明:隧道坡度及通风速度对烟气逆流距离具有明显影响。通过模型隧道火灾实验的测量结果与计算模型的预测结果的对比,验证了计算模型的有效性,可为铁路隧道防灾通风设计提供依据。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that