砂岩表面原油清洗液的研制

对各种溶剂及表面活性剂进行了筛选和复配 ,用正交实验方法配制了对砂岩表面原油具有高效清洗能力的水包油型乳状液。所研制的砂岩表面原油清洗液是由 1 0 %的混合溶剂、2 .1 %的混合表面活性剂及水等物质组成的。筛网实验证明 ,该清洗液清洗能力达到 90 %以上 ,最佳使用温度范围为 50～ 70℃ ,符合油田固砂施工要求。砂岩表面原油清洗液的高效清洗能力是体系中溶剂、表面活性剂等多种成分通过溶解、渗透、分散等方式协同作用的结果。这种砂岩表面原油清洗液毒性小、成本低、清洗能力强、使用方便 ,在油田具有应用价值。     

砷化镓多晶表面清洗技术的研究

根据实际生产经验,分析了GaAs多晶料表面杂质的类型、产生原因及对后续单晶生长的影响,明确了多晶表面清洗工艺的重要性,介绍了针对不同类型杂质的清洗方法和原理,并在此基础上进行了多晶表面清洗实验,结果表明:无论是酸性清洗液还是碱性清洗液,都能达到去除GaAs多晶表面杂质的目的;Ga和As各自的氧化物在酸、碱溶液中溶解的难易程度决定了利用不同清洗液清洗后,多晶表面的光亮程度;从安全性和环保性角度来看,碱性清洗液是清洗多晶料表面更好的选择。     

RCA清洗法与NCW清洗法对砷化镓晶片表面杂质去除效果对比实验

选取目前最常用的RCA清洗法和NCW清洗法分别对同批次加工的砷化镓抛光片进行清洗,使用X射线光电子谱对晶片表面杂质成分进行测试,对表面颗粒、有机物和金属3种杂质类型进行量化对比,分析两种清洗方法对3种杂质的去除能力。结果显示:表面活性剂对于有机物的去除效果比乙醇略强。基于双氧水的强氧化性和砷、镓氧化物更易溶于氨水的特性,SC-2清洗液对于表面氧化层的剥离和去除强于表面活性剂。对于主要金属杂质,两种清洗方法的去除能力相当。     

两种常用表面活性剂在砂岩表面吸附特性的分子模拟

探索和研究表面活性剂在砂岩表面的吸附特性,对于正确选择表面活性剂及其使用浓度,开发新型、高效、功能型表面活性剂具有重要意义.采用Materials Studio(MS)软件,以二氧化硅作为理想岩层,以十二烷基苯磺酸钠和硬脂酸钠两种油田常用表面活性剂为研究对象,建立了一个含水的多晶胞模型.通过动态模拟表明:十二烷基苯磺酸钠比硬脂酸钠更易发生聚集,使临界胶束浓度降低;温度稳定快,最终温度高;能量稳定慢,最终能量低.为今后油田用表面活性剂的选择和新型高效表面活性剂的开发提供了一种可借鉴的方法.     

阴离子表面活性剂在油砂和净砂表面的吸附规律

为了更加真实地了解表面活性剂在地层岩石表面的吸附状况，对比研究了阴离子表面活性剂ABS在抽提清洗前、后地层岩心表面的吸附情况。实验表明，阴离子表面活性剂ABS在抽提清洗前、后砂岩（分别称为油砂和净砂）表面的吸附有很大程度的不同。与净砂相比，ABS在油砂表面达到平衡吸附的时间较长，饱和吸附量约降低21％。ABS在砂和净砂表面的吸附等温线均呈典型的“S”型，但在油砂表面的吸附量在出现最大值后又大幅度下降。NaCl的存在将增加ABS在油砂和净砂表面的吸附量，而碱则减少其吸附量。     

生物表面活性剂对菌XD-1降解原油的作用

目的：利用正交实验优化的培养基培养菌XD-1，提取生物表面活性剂，确定此生物表面活性剂对菌XD-1降解原油的影响．方法：用化学法和红外光谱扫描确定表面活性剂的结构特征，用重量法(质量法)测定原油的降解率及菌的生物量变化．结果：生物表面活性剂为脂肽类和糖脂类物质的混合物；预先投加生物表面活性剂可以使菌XD-1降解原油的诱导期缩短一半，并提高了菌对原油的降解率．结论：生物表面活性剂的投加对原油的生物降解有促进作用．     

氧化铝生产过程结疤溶解的研究

以长城铝业公司全国科技招标项目“氧化铝生产过程结疤高效、快速清理技术”为研究课题，采用不同溶剂进行正交实验对结疤试样进行溶解，研制出一种高效溶剂，并对溶剂使用温度、流速缓蚀剂进行实验，确定了最佳工艺条件。该化学清洗结疤技术与传统处理方法相比，清洗彻底，溶垢率达95％以上；清洗时间缩短，10h即可完成；清洗效果符合《工业设备化学清洗质量标准》。该项技术应用于氧化铝生产，可显提高劳动生产率和经济效益。     

裂缝性致密砂岩油藏渗吸驱油效果影响因素

裂缝性致密砂岩储层物性较差,非均质性强,且发育微裂缝,注水开发效果较差,渗吸驱油作为致密油储层水驱采油的一种主要机理受到越来越多的关注。室内以鄂尔多斯盆地某油田裂缝性致密砂岩储层天然岩心为研究对象,通过自发渗吸实验,评价了原油黏度、注入水矿化度、温度、渗透率、润湿性以及表面活性剂对渗吸驱油效果的影响。结果表明,原油黏度越低,注入水矿化度越低,温度越高,渗透率越大时,渗吸驱油采收率越高;其中润湿性对渗吸采收率的影响最为显著,岩石越亲水,渗吸驱油效果越好;阴离子型表面活性剂ZYL-1能够通过改变岩石表面润湿性和降低油水界面张力来提高渗吸驱油采收率;加入0. 3%ZYL-1后的周期注水最终采收率可以达到45. 6%,远远高于单独水驱时的28. 9%。矿场试验结果表明,注入表面活性剂ZYL-1关井渗吸驱油后,取得了显著的增产效果,说明间歇式周期注水和表面活性剂渗吸驱油相结合的方式能够提高裂缝性致密砂岩油藏的采收率。     

CTAB改变油湿性砂岩表面润湿性机理的研究

利用红外、原子力显微镜(AFM)、Zeta电位测定、接触角测定及岩心自发渗吸实验等手段研究了阳离子型表面活性剂CTAB(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵)改变油湿性砂岩表面润湿性的机理。结果表明:CTAB改变油湿性砂岩表面润湿性的性能优异。由于静电引力作用,CTAB正电性离子头基与吸附在砂岩表面的原油当中的羧酸基团形成离子对,当CTAB的浓度超过临界胶束浓度(CMC)时,形成的离子对就会从砂岩表面解吸附并增溶于CTAB形成的胶束当中,从而露出干净的水湿表面,砂岩表面因此实现润湿反转。     

起泡剂发泡特性及其影响因素研究

通过对泡沫复合体系发泡特性的静态实验研究,评价了泡沫复合体系发泡特性及泡沫稳定性.通过细玻璃管测定法和综合发泡能力的经验公式,讨论了表面活性剂类型和结构、聚合物分子量、碱浓度、地层水矿化度、温度及原油性质对体系发泡性能的影响.通过研究,得到了泡沫复合驱中表面活性剂、碱和聚合物都存在一个合理的浓度临界值,且随着矿化度、温度和原油轻质含量的增加,体系的综合发泡能力降低的结论.同时得到了不同表面活性剂类型中,硫酸盐型表面活性剂发泡效果最好,磺酸盐直链型次之;而同一类型表面活性剂中,随着表面活性剂碳链长度的增加,发泡效果变好,但碳链增加到一定长度后,综合发泡能力下降的认识.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that