固碳矿物-片钠铝石的最佳水热合成条件

采用化学试剂水热法来合成片钠铝石,考察片钠铝石的最佳人工合成条件。结果表明：当pH为9.0～10.0、温度为120～180℃、合成时间大于12 h时,可以得到纯相的片钠铝石;晶体粒径随pH的增大逐渐增大,随温度升高先增大后减小,160℃时最大;生成片钠铝石的质量随温度和pH的升高而先增多后减少,在160℃(pH为9.5)时最多;片钠铝石的结晶首先以结晶核为中心形成球粒,进而沿一定方向聚集形成针状晶体,然后增大变为长柱状晶体,整个过程片钠铝石的结晶度逐渐变好。     

酸性铝诱发蚕豆根尖细胞的遗传损伤效应

采用蚕豆根尖细胞染色体畸变实验,研究酸性铝对蚕豆体细胞染色体稳定性的影响.以不同酸度(pH 5.8和pH 4.5)和不同浓度铝溶液处理蚕豆,结果表明:在pH 5.8时,用浓度30μm o l/L~50 000μm o l/L的铝处理,能诱发蚕豆根尖细胞染色体畸变,畸变率随铝浓度的升高而增加;pH 4.5时,用浓度30μm o l/L~300μm o l/L的铝处理组诱发的染色体畸变同样随铝浓度的升高而增加,但铝浓度为1 000μm o/L~50 000μm o l/L时抑制根尖细胞分裂,几乎没有中期相.比较不同pH的铝处理结果可知,相同铝浓度(30μm o l/L~300μm o l/L)时pH 4.5组比pH 5.8组的染色体畸变率高,其中30μm o l/L的两组差异较小,300μm o l/L两组差异较大.研究结果表明,环境铝对植物的遗传损伤与植物生存环境中可溶性铝的浓度有关,铝离子浓度增高会导致其毒性作用增强,酸度降低在一定程度上加剧了铝的毒性作用.     

高岭石与片钠铝石成因联系的岩石学证据：

松辽盆地南部长岭凹陷乾安地区青山口组和华字井阶地孤店地区泉头组四段含片钠铝石砂岩中次生黏土矿物分布广泛,其中自生高岭石最为常见。本文以松辽盆地南部长岭凹陷－华字井阶地50余口钻井资料为基础,选择其中23个含片钠铝石砂岩样品进行普通薄片鉴定、扫描电镜观察、茜素红-S染色薄片观察和X-射线衍射分析。对片钠铝石与高岭石之间的关系进行了详细研究表明：在含片钠铝石砂岩中高岭石与片钠铝石的含量互为消长,并且在扫描电镜下可观察到高岭石溶解并被片钠铝石交代的现象。将这些岩石学的证据与国外热力学及地球化学实验成果总结归纳,进一步肯定了高岭石在碱性、富CO2流体环境中化学性质不稳定,并最终向片钠铝石转化。     

瓦埠湖沉积物内源磷的稳定性及其控制研究

文章主要分析了瓦埠湖沉积物中不同赋存形态的磷的稳定性和铝盐、铁盐控制瓦埠湖底泥释磷的效果。结果表明:底泥释磷总量在碱性条件下最大,中性条件下最小;铁磷、铝磷溶解量随pH值的升高均增加;钙磷溶解量随pH值的升高而降低。氯化铝、氯化铁对瓦埠湖底泥释磷的控制规律为:在酸性环境条件下控制的效果不明显,在中性环境条件下控制的效果较为显著,在碱性环境条件下控制的效果极为显著。     

高岭石与片钠铝石成因联系的岩石学证据:以松辽盆地南部含片钠铝石砂岩为例

松辽盆地南部长岭凹陷乾安地区青山口组和华字井阶地孤店地区泉头组四段含片钠铝石砂岩中次生黏土矿物分布广泛,其中自生高岭石最为常见。以松辽盆地南部长岭凹陷-华字井阶地50余口钻井资料为基础,选择其中23个含片钠铝石砂岩样品进行普通薄片鉴定、扫描电镜观察、茜素红-S染色薄片观察和X-射线衍射分析。对片钠铝石与高岭石之间的关系进行了详细研究表明:在含片钠铝石砂岩中高岭石与片钠铝石的含量互为消长,并且在扫描电镜下可观察到高岭石溶解并被片钠铝石交代的现象。将这些岩石学的证据与国外热力学及地球化学实验成果总结归纳,进一步肯定了高岭石在碱性、富CO2流体环境中化学性质不稳定,并最终向片钠铝石转化。     

铬渣NaCl浸出动力学

通过研究铬渣NaCl浸出过程中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度随时间的变化,建立该反应的动力学方程,确定初始pH值、振荡速度对反应速率常数的影响,并计算相应的反应表观活化能。结果表明,铬渣NaCl浸出过程为0.26级反应,反应速率常数为3.38×10-7 mol/(L.s);pH值和振荡速度增大,反应速率常数不断增大,CaCrO4溶解率增加,溶解速率加快;该反应的表观活化能为34.24 kJ/mol,Cr(Ⅵ)浸出速率受温度影响较大。     

采用复盐法脱除工业废水中的硫酸根

以水合铝盐及石灰乳为脱除剂,采用实验室自行配制的模拟废水,对工业废水中高浓度硫酸根的脱除进行研究。考察溶液pH值、铝盐加入量、反应时间、SO24-初始浓度以及反应温度等因素对硫酸根去除率的影响,并设计三因素三水平正交实验。得出单因素和正交实验确定的最佳工艺条件为:反应温度25℃,反应时间60min,溶液pH值11.0,SO42-与Al3+的物质的量比为1.1-1.0,且各因素影响程度由大至小的顺序为:溶液pH值、铝盐加入量、反应时间;在最佳工艺条件下,硫酸根离子质量浓度由1720mg/L降至100mg/L以下,达到生活饮用水卫生标准。沉淀物XRD检测结果表明:其主要物相为钙矾石(Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12·26H2O)。     

松辽盆地南部含片钠铝石砂岩储层岩石学特征及成因

 针对松辽盆地南部白垩系含片钠铝石砂岩储层,应用岩石学及同位素地球化学的原理和方法,对含片钠铝石砂岩储层的岩石类型、成岩共生序列和片钠铝石的产状及成因进行系统研究。研究结果显示,含片钠铝石砂岩储层的岩石类型以长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩为主,成岩共生序列依次为黏土矿物包壳-次生加大长石-次生加大石英、自生微晶石英、自生高岭石-方解石-油气充注-CO₂ 充注-片钠铝石-铁白云石。松辽盆地南部片钠铝石的δ¹³C_PDB 为-0.342%~0.329%,δ¹⁸O_PDB 变化范围为-1.922%~-0.954%,与已证实形成于无机CO₂背景、且同岩浆活动有成因联系的片钠铝石极为相近;而与片钠铝石平衡的CO₂气的碳同位素值为-0.992%~-0.423%,与松辽盆地南部CO₂气藏中CO₂的碳同位素一致,说明松辽盆地南部片钠铝石与气藏中的CO₂具有相同的碳来源,均为幔源-岩浆成因。     

不同pH值下磷酸二氢钾晶体的生长实验

用称重法测定了不同pH值下磷酸二氢钾(KDP)的溶解度曲线,进行了不同pH值时KDP溶液的稳定性实验,通过对雪崩点的观测得到了不同pH值下KDP溶液的过饱和度曲线,给出了相应的亚稳区宽度,并开展了不同pH值下KDP晶体的生长实验。结果表明:随着KDP生长溶液pH值的升高或降低,KDP溶解度都会明显增大,同时溶液的亚稳区宽度变大、溶液稳定性提高,并且发现略高于正常pH值的KDP饱和溶液对晶体的生长更为有利。     

N-月桂酰肌氨酸钠的合成研究

以月桂酸和肌氨酸钠为原料合成了N -月桂酰肌氨酸钠,讨论了肌氨酸钠浓度、溶液pH值、溶剂、反应温度对反应结果的影响.结果表明肌氨酸钠浓度、pH值、肌氨酸钠溶液与有机溶剂体积之比、反应时间对反应结果的影响较大,产品的收率可达83. 13%,纯度可达96%以上.对制得的样品进行了红外光谱分析,其谱图与N 月桂酰肌氨酸钠标准谱图一致.测定了N- 月桂酰肌氨酸钠在不同浓度下的表面张力,得到其临界胶束浓度为8. 71×10-4 mol/L.     

油藏埋存CO_2泄漏机制及故障树分析

利用故障树分析法,结合油田CO_2驱和埋存示范区泄漏及环境监测结果,对油藏埋存CO_2发生泄漏的途径和泄漏机制进行分析,并对CO_2驱和埋存示范区进行环境监测。结果表明:对圈闭性很好的油藏,井的密封性失效(包括套管和井口设施损坏)、固井不完善及水泥环腐蚀是造成CO_2泄漏的主要原因;整体上,埋存于地下的CO_2没有发生大规模的泄漏,但在近井土壤中CO_2含量有增加的趋势,越靠近井口土壤中CO_2含量越大,表明CO_2通过井内套管柱或不完整水泥环发生了微量泄漏。故障树分析结果对CO_2埋存区的泄漏监测和预防具有指导意义。     

Effect of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> and H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O on gasification dissolution and deep reaction of coke

To more comprehensively analyze the effect of CO₂ and H₂O on the gasification dissolution reaction and deep reaction of coke, the reactions of coke with CO₂ and H₂O using high temperature gas-solid reaction apparatus over the range of 950-1250℃ were studied, and the thermodynamic and kinetic analyses were also performed. The results show that the average reaction rate of coke with H₂O is about 1.3-6.5 times that with CO₂ in the experimental temperature range. At the same temperature, the endothermic effect of coke with H₂O is less than that with CO₂. As the pressure increases, the gasification dissolution reaction of coke shifts to the high-temperature zone. The use of hydrogen-rich fuels is conducive to decreasing the energy consumed inside the blast furnace, and a corresponding high-pressure operation will help to suppress the gasification dissolution reaction of coke and reduce its deterioration. The interfacial chemical reaction is the main rate-limiting step over the experimental temperature range. The activation energies of the reaction of coke with CO₂ and H₂O are 169.23 kJ·mol-1 and 87.13 kJ·mol-1, respectively. Additionally, water vapor is more likely to diffuse into the coke interior at a lower temperature and thus aggravates the deterioration of coke in the middle upper part of blast furnace.     

CO2 long-term diffusive leakage into biosphere in geological carbon storage

Prediction of CO2 leakage into biosphere is very important for risk assessment in geological carbon storage projects. Underground CO2 can be transported into bio- sphere through short term leakage due to fractures of wellbores or cap rocks, which has been extensively investi- gated, and long term leakage due to diffusion, which has few relevant studies. This paper presents a diffusive model for CO2 gradual leakage into biosphere during a long period after CO2 injection. First, the paper describes a general dif- fusive model with long term secondary trapping effects for C02 fluxes from underground into biosphere. Secondly, a simplified one-dimensional model is presented and solved for the CO2 concentrations in groundwater. The results show that the groundwater CO2 concentration will reach the maximum value at about 50th year after CO2 injection and then slowly decrease due to secondary trapping effects. Moreover, the partition coefficient is the dominant parameter for predicting the groundwater CO2 concentration while the convective mass transfer coefficient plays an insignificant role.     

CO2封存后地层岩石微观结构变化机理研究进展

CO_2地质封存不仅被认为是提高原油采收率的有效技术手段,更是降低大气中温室气体含量的重要策略,其长期埋存对地质完整性和安全性的影响是中外学者关注的焦点。地层岩石在围压及地下水作用下的软化、变形甚至破坏是石油工程、化学工程及岩土工程所面临的重要课题。搜集了中外学者在各领域内的相关实验及理论研究资料,从地层岩石的化学反应、岩石细观结构的变化、微裂缝的扩展、HMC(hydro-mechanical-chemical)耦合作用过程等方面综述了CO_2酸性流体对地层岩石影响。阐明了CO_2封存过程中地层岩石的微观溶蚀机理,进而从物理、化学角度着重分析了化学-应力耦合作用对岩石细观损伤结构的影响机制及破坏条件,最后根据目前的研究水平进一步提出需要研究的方向以及相应的建议,以便从初期的选址及后期的埋存安全性角度保证CO_2封存工程的顺利进行。     

岩溶区钙与土壤有机碳关系的研究进展

土壤碳库在全球碳循环中占有重要的地位,土壤有机碳的稳定程度直接影响到其对大气CO2产生碳汇的潜力,土壤钙不仅是盐基离子,能影响土壤pH值,而且对土壤有机碳的稳定性和吸收大气CO2的能力产生影响。本文综述了土壤有机碳稳定机制研究方法,钙对土壤有机质稳定性影响研究进展,以及岩溶区富钙偏碱的地球化学背景下土壤大量钙存在对有机碳稳定性影响的研究进展。     

Reductive immobilization of perrhenate in soil and groundwater using starch-stabilized ZVI nanoparticles

Perrhenate(ReO4-) was used as nonradioactive surrogate for the radionuclide pertechnetate(99TcO-4) to investigate the potential of using starch-stabilized zero valent iron(ZVI) nanoparticles for reductive immobilization of pertechnetate in soil and groundwater.Batch kinetic tests indicated that the starch-stabilized ZVI nanoparticles were able to reductively remove ～96% of perrhenate(10 mg/L) from water within 8 h.XRD analyses confirmed that ReO 2 was the reduction product.A pseudo-first-order kinetic model was able to interpret the kinetic data,which gave a pseudo first order rate constant(kobs) value of 0.43h-1 at pH 6.9 and room temperature(25℃).Increasing solution pH up to 8 progressively increased the reaction rate.However,highly alkaline pH(10) resulted in much inhibited reaction rate.Consequently,the optimal pH range was identified to be from 7 to 8.Increasing solution temperature from 15 to 45℃ increased k obs from 0.38 to 0.53 h-1.The classical Arrhenius equation was able to interpret the temperature effect,which gave a low activation energy value of 7.61 kJ/mol.When the ReO-4-loaded loess was treated with the stabilized nanoparticles suspension([Fe]=560 mg/L),the water leachable ReO-4 was reduced by 57% and nearly all eluted Re was in the form of ReO2.This finding indicates that starch-stabilized ZVI nanoparticles are promising for facilitating in situ immobilization of ReO-4 in soil and groundwater.     

Kinetic study on the reaction between CO2-CO and wustite using the isotope exchange method

To investigate the reaction between CO₂-CO and wustite using the isotope exchange method at 1073, 1173, 1273, and 1373 K, the experiment apparatus was designed to simulate the fluidized bed. The chemical rate constant was estimated by considering the effect of gas phase mass transfer on the reaction. It is found that the chemical rate constant is inversely decreased with the increase in the ratio of CO₂/CO by volume. The activation energy of reaction is in a linear relationship with the ratio of CO₂/CO by volume, and the average activation energy is 155.37 kJ/mol.     

注超临界CO_2开采高温废弃气藏地热机制与采热能力分析

高温废弃气藏具有巨大的地热开采潜力。在对比分析超临界CO2和常规携热介质水的热物性基础上,提出注超临界CO2开采高温废弃气藏地热的方法。利用数值模拟方法对CO2在高温废弃气藏中的采热能力及影响因素进行评估。结果表明,由于CO2具有很高的可注性和流动性,超临界CO2的采热速率可达到水的1.5倍;利用CO2循环开采高温气藏地热,不仅可以实现高效地热开发,还可以实现CO2地质埋存;对废弃气藏而言,可以充分利用现有井网和地面设施,减少初期资本投入,实现高温废弃气藏地热的有效和经济开发,进一步提高气藏的利用价值,延长其经济寿命。     

基于胺法的旋流喷淋气液吸收烟气CO2的性能

为了强化CO_2捕集过程的气液传质,设计了一类多级旋流喷淋反应器,实验研究了典型的醇胺(乙醇胺(MEA)、二乙醇胺(DEA))脱除CO_2的分离效率和传质系数,并分析了操作条件的影响.结果表明:在相同的实验条件下,MEA的脱碳效率(最大值95%)大于DEA的脱碳效率(最大值92.3%).与相关研究数据的对比表明,多级旋流喷淋可以有效增强醇胺-CO_2喷淋反应系统的传质过程.醇胺溶液旋流气液吸收烟气CO_2的脱碳效率受操作条件的影响,其随着吸收剂质量分数、吸收剂流量和反应温度的增加而提高,随着烟气中CO_2体积分数和烟气流量的增加而降低.