如何预防流感最有效

正2018年的流感来势汹汹,全国监测数据显示哨点医院报告流感病例高于过去三年同期水平。据世界卫生组织表示,接种疫苗是预防流感的最有效方法。季节性流感病毒季节性流感病毒分为甲型、乙型和丙型三种,其中丙型流感对公共卫生影响较小,甲型和乙型流感病毒的传播易导致流行和疫情。根据血凝素(H)和神经氨酸酶(N)的结合情况,甲型流感病毒又进     

基于化学荧光法的双黄连口服液神经氨酸酶抑制活性测定

建立流感病毒神经氨酸酶体外活性荧光检测法测定双黄连口服液的NA抑制生物活性.采用化学荧光法测定双黄连口服液对神经氨酸酶的抑制率.结果表明,反应后溶液荧光强度与产物4-MU浓度在0.1~1.2μg/m L内成良好的线性相关系(Y=39482X-254.05(r=0.9994)),该测定方法的精密度与重复性良好,反应后溶液在4℃条件下4 h内稳定,双黄连口服液对流感病毒神经氨酸酶的抑制率高达64.20%.该方法可用于测定双黄连口服液对神经氨酸酶抑制活性测定.     

流感病毒神经氨酸酶基因在COS细胞中的表达

将含分泌型甲型流感病毒神经氨酸酶cDNA的SV_(40)晚期区段取代载体转染COS细胞后,可在细胞培养液中测出高酶活力。酶联免疫吸附测定表明,NA在COS细胞培养液中的含量为1μg/ml。为避免新合成的酶在高温下失活,转染后的COS细胞改在28℃培养。培养液不添加pH指示剂。利于NA活力的维持和稳定。     

人源甲型H1N1流感HA基因进化特征分析

为了探究2009年3月至8月流感大爆发期间的人源甲型H1N1流感病毒的进化特征,提出了一种图形化表达病毒序列的方法,该方法将甲型H1N1流感病毒HA基因的符号序列数字化表达后,利用主成分分析（PCA）将高维数值序列的维度大幅度降低为二维,将低维的数值序列图形化表达在平面和空间中。在序列的图形化表达基础上,对2009年3月到8月收集的三千多个流感病毒样本做了新旧病毒的区分,筛选出了新型病毒菌株,并根据图形探究了甲型H1N1流感病毒在时间序列上的进化特征。     

抗病毒药物及作用机制

通过阅读大量的文献资料,介绍有关目前临床应用的抗病毒药物的作用机制、核苷类药物类型、抗流感病毒神经氨酸酶抑制剂及正在研发的抗疱疹病毒蛋白酶抑制剂。     

环己烯类神经氨酸酶抑制剂的三维定量构效关系研究

环己烯类神经氨酸酶抑制剂是目前效果最好的流感病毒抑制剂.选取26个典型的环己烯类神经氨酸酶抑制剂,应用比较分子力场分析(CoMFA)方法,研究它们与神经氨酸酶(NA)的相互作用,建立了环己烯类NA抑制剂与NA的三维定量构效关系(3D-QSAR)模型.该模型的最佳非交叉验证系数R2为0.991,交叉验证系数R2cv为0.760,检测值F为521.53,标准偏差SEE为0.098,立体场、静电场的贡献分别为74.6%、25.4%,最佳主成分为4,这表明模型具有很强的稳定性和预测能力.用该模型对随机挑选的3个化合物进行预测,得到了满意的结果.     

2009年甲型H1N1流感临床研究回顾

2009年全球爆发的甲型H1N1流感由一种源于猪流感病毒、致人急性呼吸道疾病的新型流感病毒所致.本文总结了甲型H1N1流感病毒感染病例的临床特征、治疗及研究展望.     

流感病毒疫苗的研究现状与安全性问题

流行性感冒(简称流感)是由流感病毒(Influenza virus,IFV)引起的一种急性呼吸道传染病,严重危害人类健康和生命.目前,临床上使用的抗流感病毒药物主要有M2离子通道抑制剂和神经氨酸酶抑制剂,接种流感疫苗仍然被认为是预防流感发生与传播的最佳方法.文章就目前流感疫苗的研究现状、研制流程、安全性和有效性的验证等多方面进行综述,为今后对疫苗进一步的研究提供了理论依据.     

基于动态算法的序列分析

为了获得2009年新型甲型H1N1流感病毒与2008流感病毒的基因序列及氨基酸序列的一致性，以便对一个基因家族的生物学特征有一个简明扼要的了解，针对目前流行的新型甲型H1N1流感病毒的基因序列及其所编码的氨基酸序列，采用动态规划算法对其一级序列进行序列相似度分析，获得了2009年新型甲型H1N1流感病毒的NA和M基因片段以及2008年猪源性甲型H1N1流感病毒的相应基因片段同源性高、在有些位点发生了基因突变增添和突变缺失等重要基因信息。为此次新型甲型H1N1流感病毒的研究提供了依据。     

流感病毒与防控措施

流感是由流感病毒引起的。普通公民掌握几点有关流感病毒和药物的基本常识,对于降低流感引发的死亡率,消除对流感莫名的恐慌,沉着应对甲型H1N1流感大流行的全球局势,都会大有裨益。     

Ecological and immunological determinants of influenza evolution

In pandemic and epidemic forms, influenza causes substantial, sometimes catastrophic, morbidity and mortality. Intense selection from the host immune system drives antigenic change in influenza A and B, resulting in continuous replacement of circulating strains with new variants able to re-infect hosts immune to earlier types. This 'antigenic drift' often requires a new vaccine to be formulated before each annual epidemic. However, given the high transmissibility and mutation rate of influenza, the constancy of genetic diversity within lineages over time is paradoxical. Another enigma is the replacement of existing strains during a global pandemic caused by 'antigenic shift'--the introduction of a new avian influenza A subtype into the human population. Here we explore ecological and immunological factors underlying these patterns using a mathematical model capturing both realistic epidemiological dynamics and viral evolution at the sequence level. By matching model output to phylogenetic patterns seen in sequence data collected through global surveillance, we find that short-lived strain-transcending immunity is essential to restrict viral diversity in the host population and thus to explain key aspects of drift and shift dynamics.     

Avian flu: isolation of drug-resistant H5N1 virus

The persistence of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in many Asian countries and their ability to cause fatal infections in humans have raised serious concerns about a global flu pandemic. Here we report the isolation of an H5N1 virus from a Vietnamese girl that is resistant to the drug oseltamivir, which is an inhibitor of the viral enzyme neuraminidase and is currently used for protection against and treatment of influenza. Further investigation is necessary to determine the prevalence of oseltamivir-resistant H5N1 viruses among patients treated with this drug.     

Three-dimensional structure of a complex of antibody with influenza virus neuraminidase

The structure of a complex between influenza virus neuraminidase and an antibody displays features inconsistent with the inflexible 'lock and key' model of antigen-antibody binding. The structure of the antigen changes on binding, and that of the antibody may also change; the interaction therefore has some of the character of a handshake.     

Special features of the 2009 pandemic swine-origin influenza A H1N1 hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

Since the 2009 pandemic H1N1 swine-origin influenza A virus (09 S-OIV) has reminded the world about the global threat of the ever changing influenza virus,many questions regarding the detailed re-assortment of influenza viruses yet remain unanswered.Influenza A virus is the causative agent of the pandemic flu and contains 2 major antigenic glycoproteins on its surface:(i) hemagglutinin (HA);and (ii) neuraminidase (NA).The structures of the 09 S-OIV HA and NA proteins (09H1 and 09N1) have recently been resolved in our laboratory and provide some clues as to why the 09 S-OIV re-assortment virus is highly infectious with severe consequences in humans.For example,the 09H1 is highly similar to the HA of the 1918 influenza A pandemic virus in overall structure and especially in regards to its 5 defined antibody binding epitopes.For 09N1,its most distinctive feature is the lack of a 150-loop active site cavity,which was previously predicted to be present in all N1 NAs,and we hypothesize that the 150-loop may play a important role in the substrate specificity (α2,3 or α2,6 linked sialic acid receptors) and enzymatic mechanism of influenza NA.Combination of the HA and NA with special characteristics for the 09 S-OIV might contribute to its high increased transmissibility in humans.     

天王星的公转影响地球和地球上生物体的行为

指出了地球和地球上生物体的行为,特别是人类的行为,受到天王星运转的影响,支持这一观点的科学证据是非常有限的.一些研究证据表明:全球温度变化、地震的频率和强度、地球上生物体和人类的行为包括流感的流行、股市的趋势和崩盘,甚至战争,与天王星的公转有关.提出了导致这些改变的原因是由于天王星84年的公转周期伴随节律性的磁场方向和强度的变化,这可能节律性地改变地球自转轴倾斜度,结果影响地球本身和地球上生物体的行为.     

The genomic and epidemiological dynamics of human influenza A virus

The evolutionary interaction between influenza A virus and the human immune system, manifest as 'antigenic drift' of the viral haemagglutinin, is one of the best described patterns in molecular evolution. However, little is known about the genome-scale evolutionary dynamics of this pathogen. Similarly, how genomic processes relate to global influenza epidemiology, in which the A/H3N2 and A/H1N1 subtypes co-circulate, is poorly understood. Here through an analysis of 1,302 complete viral genomes sampled from temperate populations in both hemispheres, we show that the genomic evolution of influenza A virus is characterized by a complex interplay between frequent reassortment and periodic selective sweeps. The A/H3N2 and A/H1N1 subtypes exhibit different evolutionary dynamics, with diverse lineages circulating in A/H1N1, indicative of weaker antigenic drift. These results suggest a sink-source model of viral ecology in which new lineages are seeded from a persistent influenza reservoir, which we hypothesize to be located in the tropics, to sink populations in temperate regions.     

The structure of H5N1 avian influenza neuraminidase suggests new opportunities for drug design

The worldwide spread of H5N1 avian influenza has raised concerns that this virus might acquire the ability to pass readily among humans and cause a pandemic. Two anti-influenza drugs currently being used to treat infected patients are oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza), both of which target the neuraminidase enzyme of the virus. Reports of the emergence of drug resistance make the development of new anti-influenza molecules a priority. Neuraminidases from influenza type A viruses form two genetically distinct groups: group-1 contains the N1 neuraminidase of the H5N1 avian virus and group-2 contains the N2 and N9 enzymes used for the structure-based design of current drugs. Here we show by X-ray crystallography that these two groups are structurally distinct. Group-1 neuraminidases contain a cavity adjacent to their active sites that closes on ligand binding. Our analysis suggests that it may be possible to exploit the size and location of the group-1 cavity to develop new anti-influenza drugs.     

渭干河流域植被覆盖时空变化特征研究

植被是联结土壤、大气和水分等要素的自然纽带,更是自然生态系统中最活跃的因子,植被变化可用来揭示环境的演化,并且能在全球变化研究中起到“指示器”的作用.本研究利用遥感影像获取NDVI数据,借助遥感与GIS等现代手段,运用多种方法对渭干河流域1989-2007年植被覆盖变化特征和发展趋势进行了定量研究,最终得出渭干河流域植被覆盖时空变化规律.     

Sequence and epitope analysis of surface proteins of avian influenza H5N1 viruses from Asian patients

Avian influenza virus strain H5N1 is a highly patho- genic type A influenza virus that has caused several outbreaks of severe poultry plagues in the past. H5N1 preferentially binds to receptors with α2-3 linked sialic acids on the surface of avian epithe…