A belt of moonlets in Saturn's A ring

The origin and evolution of planetary rings is one of the prominent unsolved problems of planetary sciences, with direct implications for planet-forming processes in pre-planetary disks. The recent detection of four propeller-shaped features in Saturn's A ring proved the presence of large boulder-sized moonlets in the rings. Their existence favours ring creation in a catastrophic disruption of an icy satellite rather than a co-genetic origin with Saturn, because bodies of this size are unlikely to have accreted inside the rings. Here we report the detection of eight new propeller features in an image sequence that covers the complete A ring, indicating embedded moonlets with radii between 30 m and 70 m. We show that the moonlets found are concentrated in a narrow 3,000-km-wide annulus 130,000 km from Saturn. Compared to the main population of ring particles (radius s < 10 m), such embedded moonlets have a short lifetime with respect to meteoroid impacts. Therefore, they are probably the remnants of a shattered ring-moon of Pan size or larger, locally contributing new material to the older ring. This supports the theory of catastrophic ring creation in a collisional cascade.     

The determination of the structure of Saturn's F ring by nearby moonlets

Saturn's narrow F ring exhibits several unusual features that vary on timescales of hours to years. These include transient clumps, a central core surrounded by a multistranded structure and a regular series of longitudinal channels associated with Prometheus, one of the ring's two 'shepherding' satellites. Several smaller moonlets and clumps have been detected in the ring's immediate vicinity, and a population of embedded objects has been inferred. Here we report direct evidence of moonlets embedded in the ring's bright core, and show that most of the F ring's morphology results from the continual gravitational and collisional effects of small satellites, often combined with the perturbing effect of Prometheus. The F-ring region is perhaps the only location in the Solar System where large-scale collisional processes are occurring on an almost daily basis.     

How Prometheus creates structure in Saturn's F ring

Images of Saturn's narrow and contorted F ring returned by the Cassini spacecraft have revealed phenomena not previously detected in any planetary ring system. The perturbing effect of the inner shepherding satellite, Prometheus, seems to introduce channels through the F ring and a 'streamer'--a line of particles that link the ring to the satellite. The detailed mechanism for the formation of these features has been lacking an explanation. Here we show that these phenomena can be understood in terms of a simple gravitational interaction as Prometheus approaches and recedes from the F ring every 14.7 hours. Our numerical models show that as Prometheus recedes from its closest approach to the F ring, it draws out ring material; one orbital period later, this affected region has undergone keplerian shear and is visible as a channel, in excellent agreement with structures seen in the Cassini images. Prometheus' periodic disruption of the F ring will become more pronounced as the two orbits approach their minimum separation in 2009. The model predicts that the appearance of streamers and the associated channels will vary in a regular fashion on a timescale of one orbital period.     

Compositional maps of Saturn's moon Phoebe from imaging spectroscopy

The origin of Phoebe, which is the outermost large satellite of Saturn, is of particular interest because its inclined, retrograde orbit suggests that it was gravitationally captured by Saturn, having accreted outside the region of the solar nebula in which Saturn formed. By contrast, Saturn's regular satellites (with prograde, low-inclination, circular orbits) probably accreted within the sub-nebula in which Saturn itself formed. Here we report imaging spectroscopy of Phoebe resulting from the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft encounter on 11 June 2004. We mapped ferrous-iron-bearing minerals, bound water, trapped CO2, probable phyllosilicates, organics, nitriles and cyanide compounds. Detection of these compounds on Phoebe makes it one of the most compositionally diverse objects yet observed in our Solar System. It is likely that Phoebe's surface contains primitive materials from the outer Solar System, indicating a surface of cometary origin.     

湍流横向射流大涡模拟及大尺度结构的涡环模型

采用大涡模拟方法数值模拟了流向椭圆喷嘴的湍流横向射流,重点研究其旋涡结构的产生、发展等动力学演化过程．结果表明：文献中所报道的横向射流基本涡结构,如反向旋转涡对、前缘涡、后缘涡、悬涡、肾涡、反肾涡等并非独立的物理实体,而是分别对应于新发现的横向射流基本涡结构——起始于喷嘴的三维拉伸涡环的局部结构．     

A strong decrease in Saturn's equatorial jet at cloud level

The atmospheres of the giant planets Jupiter and Saturn have a puzzling system of zonal (east-west) winds alternating in latitude, with the broad and intense equatorial jets on Saturn having been observed previously to reach a velocity of about 470 m x s(-1) at cloud level. Globally, the location and intensity of Jupiter's jets are stable in time to within about ten per cent, but little is known about the stability of Saturn's jet system. The long-term behaviour of these winds is an important discriminator between models for giant-planet circulations. Here we report that Saturn's winds show a large drop in the velocity of the equatorial jet of about 200 m x s(-1) from 1996 to 2002. By contrast, the other measured jets (primarily in the southern hemisphere) appear stable when compared to the Voyager wind profile of 1980-81.     

Diapir-induced reorientation of Saturn's moon Enceladus

Enceladus is a small icy satellite of Saturn. Its south polar region consists of young, tectonically deformed terrain and has an anomalously high heat flux. This heat flux is probably due to localized tidal dissipation within either the ice shell or the underlying silicate core. The surface deformation is plausibly due to upwelling of low-density material (diapirism) as a result of this tidal heating. Here we show that the current polar location of the hotspot can be explained by reorientation of the satellite's rotation axis because of the presence of a low-density diapir. If the diapir is in the ice shell, then the shell must be relatively thick and maintain significant rigidity (elastic thickness greater than approximately 0.5 km); if the diapir is in the silicate core, then Enceladus cannot possess a global subsurface ocean, because the core must be coupled to the overlying ice for reorientation to occur. The reorientation generates large (approximately 10 MPa) tectonic stress patterns that are compatible with the observed deformation of the south polar region. We predict that the distribution of impact craters on the surface will not show the usual leading hemisphere-trailing hemisphere asymmetry. A low-density diapir also yields a potentially observable negative gravity anomaly.     

Deep winds beneath Saturn's upper clouds from a seasonal long-lived planetary-scale storm

Convective storms occur regularly in Saturn's atmosphere. Huge storms known as Great White Spots, which are ten times larger than the regular storms, are rarer and occur about once per Saturnian year (29.5 Earth years). Current models propose that the outbreak of a Great White Spot is due to moist convection induced by water. However, the generation of the global disturbance and its effect on Saturn's permanent winds have hitherto been unconstrained by data, because there was insufficient spatial resolution and temporal sampling to infer the dynamics of Saturn's weather layer (the layer in the troposphere where the cloud forms). Theoretically, it has been suggested that this phenomenon is seasonally controlled. Here we report observations of a storm at northern latitudes in the peak of a weak westward jet during the beginning of northern springtime, in accord with the seasonal cycle but earlier than expected. The storm head moved faster than the jet, was active during the two-month observation period, and triggered a planetary-scale disturbance that circled Saturn but did not significantly alter the ambient zonal winds. Numerical simulations of the phenomenon show that, as on Jupiter, Saturn's winds extend without decay deep down into the weather layer, at least to the water-cloud base at pressures of 10-12 bar, which is much deeper than solar radiation penetrates.     

Electronic structures of the oxygenated diamond （100） surfaces

Diamond is a kind of nonmetal material with unique physical and chemical properties. It is potentially useful to various applications in electronics, such as electron emitters, Schottky diodes[1-3]. The diamond films ob- tained by chemical vapor depositio…     

Tethys and Dione as sources of outward-flowing plasma in Saturn's magnetosphere

Rotating at over twice the angular speed of Earth, Saturn imposes a rapid spin on its magnetosphere. As a result, cold, dense plasma is believed to be flung outward from the inner magnetosphere by centrifugal force and replaced by hotter, more tenuous plasma from the outer magnetosphere. The centrifugal interchange of plasmas in rotating magnetospheres was predicted many years ago and was conclusively demonstrated by observations in Jupiter's magnetosphere, which--like that of Saturn (but unlike that of Earth)--is rotationally dominated. Recent observations in Saturn's magnetosphere have revealed narrow injections of hot, tenuous plasma believed to be the inward-moving portion of the centrifugal interchange cycle. Here we report observations of the distribution of the angle between the electron velocity vector and the magnetic field vector ('pitch angle') obtained in the cold, dense plasma adjacent to these inward injection regions. The observed pitch-angle distributions are indicative of outward plasma flow and consistent with centrifugal interchange in Saturn's magnetosphere. Further, we conclude that the observed double-peaked ('butterfly') pitch-angle distributions result from the transport of plasma from regions near the orbits of Dione and Tethys, supporting the idea of distinct plasma tori associated with these moons.     

Origin of Saturn's rings and inner moons by mass removal from a lost Titan-sized satellite

The origin of Saturn's rings has not been adequately explained. The current rings are more than 90 to 95 per cent water ice, which implies that initially they were almost pure ice because they are continually polluted by rocky meteoroids. In contrast, a half-rock, half-ice mixture (similar to the composition of many of the satellites in the outer Solar System) would generally be expected. Previous ring origin theories invoke the collisional disruption of a small moon, or the tidal disruption of a comet during a close passage by Saturn. These models are improbable and/or struggle to account for basic properties of the rings, including their icy composition. Saturn has only one large satellite, Titan, whereas Jupiter has four large satellites; additional large satellites probably existed originally but were lost as they spiralled into Saturn. Here I report numerical simulations of the tidal removal of mass from a differentiated, Titan-sized satellite as it migrates inward towards Saturn. Planetary tidal forces preferentially strip material from the satellite's outer icy layers, while its rocky core remains intact and is lost to collision with the planet. The result is a pure ice ring much more massive than Saturn's current rings. As the ring evolves, its mass decreases and icy moons are spawned from its outer edge with estimated masses consistent with Saturn's ice-rich moons interior to and including Tethys.     

土星盘面倾角的变化研究

根据地球、土星的平轨道根素和土星轴的指向,提出了一种计算土星盘面与地球观测者视线夹角的几何方法。计算表明土星的下一个秋分日为2025年5月22日,在2025年3月23日,地球将穿越土星盘面（土星侧对地球,盘面倾角为0°）。2017年10月16日（±1日）,土星盘的倾角达到最大,数值为26．99°。15年后的2032年5月11日（±1日）,土星盘的另一侧达到最大倾角,数值为-26．96°。土星轨道面相对于黄道面的倾角对计算结果的影响不超过±0．32°。     

Modulation of Saturn's radio clock by solar wind speed

The internal rotation rates of the giant planets can be estimated by cloud motions, but such an approach is not very precise because absolute wind speeds are not known a priori and depend on latitude: periodicities in the radio emissions, thought to be tied to the internal planetary magnetic field, are used instead. Saturn, despite an apparently axisymmetric magnetic field, emits kilometre-wavelength (radio) photons from auroral sources. This emission is modulated at a period initially identified as 10 h 39 min 24 +/- 7 s, and this has been adopted as Saturn's rotation period. Subsequent observations, however, revealed that this period varies by +/-6 min on a timescale of several months to years. Here we report that the kilometric radiation period varies systematically by +/-1% with a characteristic timescale of 20-30 days. Here we show that these fluctuations are correlated with solar wind speed at Saturn, meaning that Saturn's radio clock is controlled, at least in part, by conditions external to the planet's magnetosphere. No correlation is found with the solar wind density, dynamic pressure or magnetic field; the solar wind speed therefore has a special function. We also show that the long-term fluctuations are simply an average of the short-term ones, and therefore the long-term variations are probably also driven by changes in the solar wind.     

A distance to the galaxy NGC4258 from observations of Cepheid variable stars

Cepheid variable stars pulsate in a way that is correlated with their intrinsic luminosity, making them useful as 'standard candles' for determining distances to galaxies; the potential systematic uncertainties in the resulting distances have been estimated to be only 8-10%. They have played a crucial role in establishing the extragalactic distance scale and hence the value of the Hubble constant. Here we report observations of Cepheids in the nearby galaxy NGC4258; the distance calculated from the Cepheids is 8.1 +/- 0.4 Mpc, where the uncertainty does not include possible systematic errors. There is an independently determined geometric distance to this galaxy of 7.2 +/- 0.5 Mpc, based on the observed proper motions of water masers orbiting the central black hole; the distances differ by 1.3sigma. If the maser-based distance is adopted and the Cepheid distance scale revised accordingly, the derived value of the Hubble constant would increase by 12 +/- 9%, while the expansion age of the Universe would decrease by the same amount.     

从负载Lix54-100中反萃铜的动力学

Ｌｉｘ５４－１００是适用于在氨性溶液中萃取铜的萃铜试剂,其负载的反萃速率较慢,应用高速搅拌研究了该反萃过程的动力学,发现它是水相动力学控制,反萃速率对有机相铜浓度和氢离子浓度均为一级。     

混凝土结构的新发展—组合混凝土结构

首次提出组合混凝土结构的基本概念,其基本思想是在不同的层次上(材料、构件、结构)组合不同种类的混凝土,对混凝土材料以及结构进行优化设计,从而使其性能提升,更好满足安全性、适用性和耐久性,实现可持续性.围绕这一创新思路,针对组合混凝土梁、柱、板以及框架结构等,对组合混凝土结构的设计与施工原理进行了阐述.最后对组合混凝土结构存在的科学问题及其发展趋势,包括界面设计、3D打印施工与可持续性评价进行了分析与展望.     

关于环的零化子的一个命题

<正> 设Ω是任一环,S是Ω的一个非空子集,则Ω中所有这样的元素a: as=0,对S中所有s,的集L,叫做S在Ω中的左零化子。易证,L是Ω的一个左理想。类似地可定义非空子集S在Ω中的右零化子R。如果我们对S附加条件时,譬如设S是Ω的左理想,那末这时说S在Ω中的左零化子L,不仅是Ω的左理想,而是Ω的两边理想了。同样对Ω的右零化子R来说,也有此结果。 如果环Ω中的左零化子满足降(升)链条件时,那末Ω的任意子环S中的左零化子也满     

百年"档案"定义论略

19世纪末到20世纪末的百年间,国际档案定义,就其来源可分为法规、辞书、教材、专著、论文等类型;就其发展大致经历了古典档案学、现代档案学和后现代档案学三个时期.各时期无不打上时代烙印,反映了档案定义从传统型--半传统型--非传统型的基本走势.     

Inversion of ionospheric electron density from GPS beacon observations

~~Inversion of Ionospheric Electron Density from GPS Beacon Observations~~SupportedbytheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(499840 0 1 )     

框架结构建筑渗漏的分析与改进对策

通过分析框架建筑工程渗漏问题产生的原因，针对外墙、屋面、楼地面等处的渗漏问题，提出预防此类通病的改进对策．