Generalized moist potential vorticity and its application in the analysis of atmospheric flows

Potential vorticity(PV)serves as an important dynamic tracer for large-scale motions in the atmosphere and oceans.Significant pro-gress has been made on the understanding and application of PV since the work of Hoskins et al,who introduced an"IPV thinking"of a dynamical system in a purely dry atmosphere.In particular,there has been a substantial amount of work done on the PV in a general moist atmosphere.In this paper,the generalized moist potential vorticity(GMPV)and its application in the mesoscale meteorological fields are reviewed.The GMPV is derived for a real atmosphere(neither completely dry nor saturated)by introducing a generalized potential temperature instead of the potential temperature or equivalent potential temperature.Such a generalization can depict the moist effect on PV anomaly in the non-uniformly saturated atmosphere.The effect of mass forcing induced by rainfall on the anomaly of GMPV is also reviewed and a new dynamic variable,the convective vorticity vector(CVV),is introduced in connection with GMPV.2008 National Natural Science Foundation of China and Chinese Academy of Sciences.Published by Elsevier Limited and Science in China Press.All rights reserved.     

Numerical simulation of Meiyu front and the diagnosis of moist vorticity vector

Moist vorticity vector is introduced to study the development and evolution of mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) in the Meiyu front precipitation with the Advanced Regional Predication System (ARPS). In this study, the heavy rainfall is simulated to investigate the genesis, development and dissipation of middle scale convective vortex, which occurred from 0000 UTC 3 July to 1200 UTC 5 July over the Jianghuai River valley. Moist vorticity vector (MVV) has zonal, radial and vertical components in its 3D spatial distribution. The simulation shows that the vertical component of moist vorticity vector well demonstrates the spatial distribution characteristics of middle scale convective vortex, especially in the process of Meiyu front precipitation. Diagnosis upon zonal, radial averaged and mass-integrated quantities of MVV shows that its vertical component and the surface precipitating ratio are in phase with a correlation coefficient of 0.68, indicating that the vertical component of MVV is closely associated with the Meiyu front precipitation. In addition, the tendency of the vertical component of MVV is mainly determined by the interaction between the vorticity and the zonal and radial gradient of condensational or depositional heating.     

Numerical simulation of Meiyu front and the diagnosis of moist vorticity vector

Moist vorticity vector is introduced to study the development and evolution of mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) in the Meiyu front precipitation with the Advanced Regional Predication System (ARPS). In this study, the heavy rainfall is simulated to investigate the genesis, development and dissipation of middle scale convective vortex, which occurred from 0000 UTC 3 July to 1200 UTC 5 July over the Jianghuai River valley. Moist vorticity vector (MVV) has zonal, radial and vertical components in its 3D spatial distribution. The simulation shows that the vertical component of moist vorticity vector well demonstrates the spatial distribution characteristics of middle scale convective vortex, especially in the process of Meiyu front precipitation. Diagnosis upon zonal, radial averaged and mass-integrated quantities of MVV shows that its vertical component and the surface precipitating ratio are in phase with a correlation coefficient of 0.68, indicating that the vertical component of MVV is closely associated with the Meiyu front precipitation. In addition, the tendency of the vertical component of MVV is mainly determined by the interaction between the vorticity and the zonal and radial gradient of condensational or depositional heating.     

中国东部地区一个中尺度对流涡旋的涡度收支分析

中尺度对流涡旋(MCV),与其他中尺度涡旋不同,有着其独特的动力机制与发展途径.一旦MCV形成,极易产生灾害性天气过程.为了解我国的MCV,使用非静力中尺度模式天气预报和研究模式对中国东部2003年7月4至5日降水过程进行了高分辨率的双向三重嵌套的数值模拟.与观测资料比较,模拟结果较为准确地再现了当时的大气状况.采用了空间滤波的方法对模式结果进行了大尺度背景场与中尺度扰动场的尺度分离,对MCV的结构与移动进行分析,并追随MCV的活动对其的涡度收支情况进行诊断分析.分析表明,大尺度背景场与中尺度扰动场对MCV的作用有着明显的差异.MCV的移动由大尺度背景风场引导;其中辐合作用直接决定了MCV的形成与发展,大尺度水平运动对中尺度涡度的水平输送为水平平流项的主要部分.而由垂直风速的水平变化所导致的水平涡度的倾斜作用在此MCV形成与发展阶段作用并不明显.成熟时的MCV与成熟时的中尺度对流复合体类似有着3个明显的环流,在对流层高层与低层均为辐散反气旋性环流,对流层中层则为较为深厚的气旋性环流.     

台风麦莎(0509)的数值模拟及结构演变特征分析

利用中尺度数值模式MM5,成功地模拟了0509号台风“麦莎”的路径、强度及其内部结构。根据模式输出的高分辨率结果分析了“麦莎”的动力和热力特征,包括环流结构、涡度、散度以及温湿场。结果表明：气旋低层的动力场及温湿场的明显不对称分布,加强了系统内部的上升运动;Q矢量散度辐合中心与强降水有很好的对应关系,500hPa高度场上强Q矢量散度辐合区域以及正涡度区对地面强降水中心有很好的指示作用。     

Diagnostic analysis of the asymmetric structure of the simulated landfalling typhoon "Haitang"

The landfalling processes of Typhoon "Haitang" near Lianjiang of Fujian Province of China from 00 UTC 19 to 12 UTC 20 July 2005 were reproduced by using the nesting non-hydrostatic WRF model and data assimilation technology (Level II Doppler radar data of Changle of Fujian Province are assimilated to the simulation every one hour from 01 to 06 UTC 19 July 2005).The mesoscale structure and evolution of the typhoon before,during,and after its landfall were discussed.The simulation data show that the assimilation experiment with the high temporal-and-spatial-resolution radar radial velocity and reflectivity data can produce much better simulation of the typhoon track,intensity evolution and landfalling location than the control experiment without assimilating radar data.By using the assimilation experimental data,the mesoscale fine-mesh structure and evolution before and after typhoon landfall were analyzed.Because of the influence of sea-land thermodynamic difference,two asymmetric convective regions were located at ocean and land,respectively.To better understand and investigate the asymmetric-structure characteristics of the landfalling typhoon,several dynamical diagnostic tools,the helicity (H),the moist potential vorticity (MPV),the convective vorticity vector (CW),the moist vorticity vector (MVV),which are associated with the development of strong convections,are introduced.Further analysis illuminates that the distributions of these physical diagnostic parameters are totally asymmetric,and subsequently,the associated convections also show distinct asymmetry.     

湾流及其邻近海域中尺度涡统计特征分析

为了得到中尺度涡的特征,综合利用1993-2012年共20a的卫星高度计资料及Argo浮标资料等,对湾流及其邻近海域的中尺度涡特征进行统计,并采用合成方法对涡的三维结构特征进行分析。结果表明:该海域气旋涡(CE)和反气旋涡(AE)的平均生命史及平均半径十分相近;湾流主体段与延续段的涡动能(EKE)、涡能量密度(EI)和涡度明显大于其他区域,气旋涡平均强度大于反气旋涡;对于生命周期内的长周期涡,半径和EKE的变化幅度较大,EI和涡度的变化较小;涡以西向移动为主,平均移速3.2cm/s;长周期气旋涡和反气旋涡均具有向赤道移动的特征;在垂直剖面上,气旋涡(反气旋涡)存在2个温度负(正)异常结构和上下2个盐度负(正)异常结构,涡对海水温盐的垂向影响可达1km以上。     

沥青面层的疲劳等效温度

分析了沥青面层疲劳寿命与面层温度的均值和梯度的相互关系.基于疲劳损伤等效原则,给出了沥青路面面层疲劳等效温度的计算方法.根据全国95个地区多年的路面温度场数据,对沥青面层疲劳等效温度进行了计算和分析,总结了沥青面层基准疲劳等效温度与地区海拔、路表温度特征值(多年路表温度均值和标准差)之间的回归关系,据此推算得到了全国738个地区的沥青面层基准疲劳等效温度值,并绘制了可供设计采用的全国沥青面层基准疲劳等效温度等值线图,归纳了非基准条件下各因素对沥青面层疲劳等效温度的影响规律,给出了各因素修正计算式.最后通过对比分析,验证了沥青面层疲劳等效温度计算方法和结果的可靠性.     

山区桥梁桥址风环境试验研究

北盘江特大桥位于地形特殊的山区．通过模拟桥址地形的风洞试验，确定桥梁设计基准风速和相关的风特性参数，使得到的风速真正反映桥址处风的实际状况．试验结果表明：北盘江特大桥桥址处无明显风速放大效应；根据荷载等效原则，桥面设计基准高度可采用统一的等效桥面高度来描述；当横桥向来流，且与山谷走向一致时，桥面高处的水平方向和竖向脉动风功率谱密度在脉动风的振动频率的低频区域，可以分别近似采用Kaimal谱和Panofsky谱，     

“95.1”高原暴雪及其中尺度系统发展和演变的非静力模式模拟

为了对青藏高原暴雪进行深入的数值模拟研究,在对1995年1月17-18日（“95.1”）高原暴雪进行天气分析的基础上,利用非静力中尺度数值模式MM5对该次暴雪过程进行了数值模拟。数值模拟结果和客观分析结果的比较表明,非静力中尺度数值模式MM5有能力再现地面以上大、中尺度环流系统和热力场;同时MM5能够成功地模拟出复杂大地形条件下“95.1”高原暴雪中尺度低涡的发生、发展及结构演变。模拟的运动场和云微物理量场的时空演变表明,垂直运动场与水汽场的耦合是水汽凝结和冻结成雪的运动学条件;气旋性涡柱和上升运动及深厚湿舌的耦合是暴雪形成的一种重要动力机制;模拟的流场演变表明流场更能表征高原上的中尺度系统。     

一次特大暴雨中尺度系统结构特征和机理分析

为了研究“04.6”湖南特大暴雨过程的发生发展机理,在天气分析的基础上,利用非静力中尺度模式MM 5-V 3.6对本次过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明:高分辨中尺度模式MM 5可以较好地模拟中尺度低涡切变线的发生和发展。模拟结果显示,中尺度低涡发展过程中,不断有扰动在低涡前部发展,并激发出强烈的中尺度对流系统M CS(m esoscale convective system)。暴雨区上空具有同向双圈垂直环流结构特征,使中尺度对流系统更加组织化。根据湿位涡守恒和倾斜位涡发展理论分析了暴雨和M CS形成和发展的原因。对流不稳定和条件对称不稳定的建立以及对流有效位能的集中释放是此次特大暴雨产生和持续发展的重要条件。     

2008年"2.28"低纬高原强对流成因诊断与数值模拟

 利用常规观测、NCEP1°×1°再分析资料和中尺度WRF模式,对低纬高原云南2008年"2.28"强对流进行成因诊断和数值模拟研究,结果表明:此次复杂强对流在春季低温冷冻灾害和位势稳定背景下,由强垂直风切变、低层潮湿和足够水汽供应以及强抬升机制共同作用造成.过程中,强对流由强斜压不稳定释放诱发在低层湿舌附近;冰雹、雷雪上空-20 ℃温度层在450hPa层上少动, 0~-20 ℃温度梯度是冰雹大于雷雪的;降雹的饱和水汽团高度比雷雪高;垂直干位涡反映了对流层高层强位涡高值的强干冷西北气流向低层、低纬传送和中低层小位涡西南暖湿急流交汇特征.WRF模拟结果佐证了位势稳定条件下存在强垂直风切变会发生剧烈对流的事实,水平风、抬升凝结高度和最大对流有效位能等可为判断云南有无强对流及其种类提供参考依据.     

西北东部一次暴雨天气过程的数值模拟研究

利用较高分辨率非静力中尺度数值模式MM5,对2003年8月28日西北东部一次致洪暴雨天气过程进行了数值模拟,重点研究了中-α和中-β尺度系统的发生发展和演变过程,对影响暴雨的物理量场进行了诊断分析.结果表明:中-α尺度低涡越山后迅速生成发展,历时约14 h,少动,并激发了多个中-β尺度系统,在这些不同尺度系统相互作用下,形成了这次区域性暴雨.强降水主要出现在低涡系统的发展与成熟阶段.700 hPa以上稳定的大气层结,抑制了水汽和能量的垂直扩散,有利于水汽和能量沿低空向雨区输送.在暴雨区上空,水汽和能量以垂直输送为主,同时伴有大量潜能释放.暴雨区上空有明显的正涡(位涡)柱和发展旺盛的上升气流区,低层辐合中心位于650 hPa,高层辐散中心位于400 hPa,无辐散层位于500 hPa.     

三门峡市2012年7月4日短时暴雨过程诊断分析

基于常规观测资料、NCEP1°×1°再分析资料和三门峡多普勒天气雷达资料,对2012年7月4日三门峡暴雨的环境条件、散度涡度场和中小尺度特征等进行了分析.结果表明:大暴雨过程中低层辐合高层辐散,促进气旋式涡度增加,上升运动增强;反之亦然.中层波动使得中低层辐合和中高层辐散更加深厚,进一步增强上升运动.西南暖湿气流北上受弱冷空气阻挡在三门峡地区堆积,为暴雨提供水汽和能量.南下的弱冷空气与辐合线和低层切变线组成强有力的触发抬升机制.暴雨期间多普勒天气雷达反射率因子、径向速度和风廓线产品,跟踪暴雨前后垂直方向风的变化和辐合系统,在强降水的临近预报中有较高的参考价值.     

98.7暴雨中尺度系统发展的视涡源涡度变率诊断分析

利用 MM5输出的高分辨率资料和视涡源与总涡源诊断方程对“98.7”特大暴雨的涡度场、视涡源、总涡源进行了诊断分析 .结果揭示 :此次暴雨的发生和发展与其视涡源、总涡源的生成和发展直接相关 .正视涡源柱和总涡源柱的存在及强烈发展是强暴雨中尺度系统发生发展的主要动力机制 ,这种机制有利于突发性特大暴雨发生 .暴雨的落区基本处于视涡源、总涡源中心位置的下方 .因而 ,视涡源与总涡源的强度及所处的位置为雨强及落区的预报提供了参考依据     

重庆数值预报后处理系统技术研究

重庆风暴尺度快速更新同化预报系统(CQSSRAFS)是基于ARPS和WRF建立的数值预报业务系统.本研究首先对该系统进行了简要介绍,然后对其后处理模块的构建与相关技术方法进行阐述,以2014年两次区域暴雨过程为例,给出3种后处理模块—wrfpost(基于NCL)、arpsplot(基于ARPS)和wrf2micaps的运行流程、各类预报产品,同时,对中尺度预报、快速更新同化预报和micaps格式的数值预报产品进行解释与说明.中尺度预报中特别是降水、温湿场、风场以及T-lnP图相关预报产品对短期预报具有较好的指导意义;快速更新同化预报中生成的降水、雷达反射率、风切变和强对流指数等相关预报产品对短临预报有较好的参考价值.此外,wrf2micaps后处理模块生成的micaps格式产品为预报员的使用提供了方便,也为模式检验和其他产品的开发提供了基础.3种数值预报后处理模块的构建为重庆数值预报业务的运行提供了有力保障,后期需对其进行更多的优化测试,以提高运行效率和丰富适合本地的产品种类.     

完全Q矢量及其在暴雨过程诊断分析中的应用

通过对完全Q矢量的分解.把完全Q矢量分解为动力学部分QD和非绝热过程部分QL,并对我国3次暴雨过程中完全Q矢量变化进行了诊断分析.分析结果表明:完全Q矢量能够较好诊断暴雨过程的中尺度系统,完全Q矢量散度的负值区与强上升区有较好的对应;Qx和Qy的垂直剖面分析表明:垂直上升运动总是位于Qx或Qy的正负区域的交汇处;QD和QL水平散度的垂直分布及其随时间的演变表明,动力学强迫总是位于对流层低层,而非绝热过程的强迫主要位于对流层中层,它与积云对流过程中的潜热反馈有关;并且QD的强迫要比QL的强迫早,这也说明积云对流的最初触发机制是动力学的,积云对流过程中的潜热反馈机制只是在对流发生后对对流过程起激励作用.     

垂直涡度方程的比较分析

通过对经典垂直涡度方程、全型垂直涡度方程、新型垂直涡度方程之对比分析,发现由位涡方程出发导出的全型垂直涡度方程存在着不足:(1)在θz=θz=0的中性层结情况下,方程不适用;(2)在一般情况下,全型垂直涡度方程不能准确反映力管项-α×p作用对垂直涡度变化的影响;(3)全型垂直涡度方程高估了倾斜涡度强迫对垂直涡度发展的作用.     

Influence of mesoscale topography on vortex intensity

The effect of mesoscale topography on multi-vortex self-organization is investigated numerically in this paper using a barotropic primitive equation model with topographic term. In the initial field there are one DeMaria major vortex with the maximum wind radius rm of 80 km at the center of the computational domain, and four meso-β vortices in the vicinity of rm to the east of the major vortex center.When there is no topography present, the initial vortices self-organize into a quasi-final state flow pattern, I.e. A quasi-axisymmetric vortex whose intensity is close to that of the initial major vortex. However, when a mesoscale topography is incorporated, the spatial scale of the quasi-final state vortex reduces, and the relative vorticity at the center of the vortex and the local maximum wind speed remarkably increase. The possible mechanism for the enhancement of the quasi-final state vortex might be that the negative relative vorticity lump,generated above the mesoscale topography because of the constraint of absolute vorticity conservation, squeezes the center of positive vorticity towards the mountain slope area, and thus reduces the spatial range of the major vortex. Meanwhile, because the total kinetic energy is basically conservative, the squeezing directly leads to the concentration of the energy in a smaller area, I.e. The strengthening of the vortex.     

Influence of mesoscale topography on vortex intensity

The effect of mesoscale topography on multi-vortex self-organization is investigated numerically in this paper using a barotropic primitive equation model with topographic term. In the initial field there are one DeMaria major vortex with the maximum wind radius rm of 80 km at the center of the computational domain, and four meso-b vortices in the vicinity of rm to the east of the major vortex center. When there is no topography present, the initial vortices self-organize into a quasi-final state ?ow pattern, i.e. a quasi-axisymmetric vortex whose intensity is close to that of the initial major vortex. However, when a mesoscale topography is incorporated, the spatial scale of the quasi-final state vortex reduces, and the relative vorticity at the center of the vortex and the local maximum wind speed remarkably increase. The possible mechanism for the enhancement of the quasi-?nal state vortex might be that the negative relative vorticity lump, generated above the mesoscale topography because of the constraint of absolute vorticity conservation, squeezes the center of positive vorticity towards the mountain slope area, and thus reduces the spatial range of the major vortex. Meanwhile, because the total kinetic energy is basically conservative, the squeezing directly leads to the concentration of the energy in a smaller area, i.e. the strengthening of the vortex.