Combustion characteristics and kinetics of anthracite with added chlorine

The combustion process of Yangquan anthracite (YQ) with the addition of 0.045wt%, 0.211wt%, 1.026wt%, and 2.982wt% chlorine was investigated using a thermogravimetric method from an ambient temperature to 1173 K in an air atmosphere. Results show that the YQ combustion characteristics are not significantly affected by an increase in chlorine content. Data acquired for combustion conversion are then further processed for kinetic analysis. Average apparent activation energies determined using the model-free method (specifically the KAS method) are 103.025, 110.250, 99.906, and 110.641 kJ/mol, respectively, and the optimal kinetic model for describing the combustion process of chlorine-containing YQ is the nucleation kinetic model, as determined by the z(α) master plot method. The mechanism function of the nucleation kinetic model is then employed to estimate the pre-exponential factor, by making use of the compensation effect. The kinetic models to describe chlorine-containing YQ combustion are thus obtained through advanced determination of the optimal mechanism function, average apparent activation energy, and the pre-exponential factor.     

连铸坯凝固晶粒生长的元胞自动机模型

首次将元胞自动机(Cellular Automata, CA)方法和有限差分法结合起来,建立了连铸坯凝固时内部等轴晶和柱状晶的随机形核和晶粒生长模型。结合某钢厂实际生产情况,对实际工况下连铸坯凝固组织进行模拟,再现了连铸坯内部组织的演变规律,发现晶粒呈现等轴晶〖XC半字线.tif,JZ〗柱状晶〖XC半字线.tif,JZ〗等轴晶的转变,以及不同工艺制度下3个晶层的厚度情况,表面激冷层和中心等轴晶层厚度随拉速增加而减小,随下钢水过热度降低而增大,但柱状晶层厚度却随拉速和钢水过热度的增加而增加。仿真结果对晶粒的随机形核、晶粒的择优生长、竞争生长以及晶粒的随机取向都有比较好的体现。     

热处理时间对赤泥粉煤灰微晶玻璃抗压强度影响

以94％的赤泥和粉煤灰为原料,采用烧结法制备了微晶玻璃,利用XRD、SEM等测试手段分析试样的物相及形貌,根据DTA曲线显示,考查热处理时间对微晶玻璃抗压强度的影响。结果表明：微晶玻璃的主晶相为钙铝黄长石;随着核化和晶化时间的延长,微晶玻璃的抗压强度呈现了先增加后减小的趋势;最佳核化时间为2h,晶化时间为2h;最大抗压强度为102．84MPa。     

Simulation of sub-micron particle formation and growth during combustion processes

Sub-micron particle formation and growth during combustion processes is very complex because of its strong uncertainty and randomness. A model to simulate the sub-micron particle formation and growth during the combustion process is developed based on the gas kinetic theory and is expressed by the vapor concentration changes and particle loading changes, which reflects effect characteristics of different mechanism (nucleation, condensation and coagulation) in particle formation processes. The developed characteristic time is used to token the three mechanisms. It is thought that environmental temperature and pressure, vapor temperature and critical pressure are important factors influencing the sub-micron particle formation and growth. The sub-micron particle formation processes under different conditions are studied and the effect characteristics of these mechanisms are analyzed, which show that the nucleation, condensation,and coagulation occur simultaneously during the sub-micron particle formation and growth process. Nucleation contributes to the sub-micron particle formation, while condensation and coagulation is helpful to the growth of the particle size.     

Kinetics and formation mechanisms of intragranular ferrite in V-N microalloyed 600 MPa high strength rebar steel

To systematically investigate the kinetics and formation mechanisms of intragranular ferrite (IGF), isothermal heat treatment in the temperature range of 450℃ to 600℃ with holding for 30 s to 300 s, analysis of the corresponding microstructures, and observation of the precipitated particles were conducted in V-N microalloyed 600 MPa high strength rebar steel. The potency of V(C,N) for IGF nucleation was also analyzed statistically. The results show that the dominant microstructure transforms from bainite (B) and acicular ferrite (AF) to grain boundary ferrite (GBF), intragranular polygonal ferrite (IPF), and pearlite (P) as the isothermal temperature increases from 450℃ to 600℃. When the holding time at 600℃ is extended from 30 s to 60 s, 120 s, and 300 s, the GBF content ranges from 6.0vol% to 6.5vol% and the IPF content increases from 0.5vol% to 2.8vol%, 13.1vol%, and 13.5vol%, respectively, because the ferrite transformation preferentially occurs at the grain boundaries and then occurs at the austenite grains. Notably, V(C,N) particles are the most effective nucleation site for the formation of IPF, accounting for 51% of the said formation.     

基于认知心理特征的协调器及相应KDD过程模型

为提高KDD自认知能力,首次提出了基于认知心理特征的启发协调器和维护协调器.讨论了其设计及相应的实现算法.为实现知识库的自聚焦和实时维护,引入了双库协同机制用于方向搜索和方向挖掘.建立了相应的过程模型KDD*,实验结果显示此过程模型改善了KDD的性能.     

深过冷液态金属中的均匀形核

首先讨论了液态金属和非晶金属在结构方面的相似之处，然后讨论了传统形核理论的一些缺陷以及与之相矛盾的一些实验结果，目的是进一步探讨均匀形核的机理。在此基础上，提出了无扩散形核理论及其形核壁垒的公式，并对均匀形核理论的矛盾进行了数学上的论证。无扩散形核理论有效地解释了晶体形核和非晶形核的过程。     

银溶胶均相成核过程的研究

利用紫外光谱测定了柠檬酸钠还原硝酸银制备银溶胶的成核诱导期,考察了溶液温度和过饱和度对反应诱导期的影响.结合均相成核理论,得到当溶液的过饱和浓度大于或等于4×108时体系为均相成核过程.结果表明,诱导期随着温度和过饱和浓度的上升而下降.同时计算出不同反应温度下纳米银的固-液界面张力,并与经验理论模型的数据结果加以比较,实验预测结果低于模型值.本实验通过测定银溶胶制备过程中银离子的浓度变化验证了紫外光谱测定反应诱导期的可行性.     

Simulation of sub micron particle formation and growth during combustion processes

Recently ,hazardscausedbysuspendedparticu latematter (SPM ) ,especiallybyparticleswithdiam etersmallerthan 1.0 μm (PM 1.0 ) (calledsub mi cronparticles) ,havereceivedmuchattentionintheenvironmentalresearch[1] .Combustion processcaninherentlyresultintheformationofsub micronparti clesanditisamajorsourceofatmosphericloadingofsuch particles .Thesecombustiondevicesincludesmelters,coalcombustion ,waste to energyincinera tors ,andcementkilns .Althoughenvironmentalreg ulationsaredesignedandusedunde…     

双重介质非饱和两相流岩体热流固损伤模型研究

本文以孔隙-裂缝双重孔隙介质为研究对象,建立孔隙度与岩体应变数学模型和温度场诱导应力模型。基于Terzaghi有效应力原理,建立注水开采过程温度-流体-岩石骨架的应力分布模型。考虑注水压力和注水温度场应力导致的岩体孔隙-裂隙的变形、成核和增长,采用应变孔隙度定义损伤变量,建立了以Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman圆柱体胞模型为塑性屈服函数的双重孔隙介质饱和热流固损伤本构模型。以某1口生产井为研究对象,通过有限元软件数值模拟得到：温度场诱导应力、注水压力诱导应力和岩石应力分布规律;应力与损伤变量、应变孔隙度演化规律。新模型对油田注水开采过程中储层孔隙和裂缝的变化提供了新的研究方法和理论依据。     

A12Of＋Cf／ZL109混杂复合材料的常温拉伸强度及预测模型

采用挤压铸造法制备了A12O3f， Cf／ZL109短纤维混杂金属基复合材料，并对该混杂复合材料的常温拉伸强度性能进行了实验及理论分析、在综合考虑纤维长度变化规律、两种纤维在拉伸过程中各自的行为和机理，以及热应力诱发位错强化和纤维弥散硬化等因素对复合材料强度影响的基础上。对复合材料强度预测的混合律模型加以发展和修正，建立了A12O3f， Cf／ZL109短纤维混杂复合材料的常温强度预测模型．利用该模型得到的理论预测值与实验值吻合较好．     

PH值对应用肌球蛋白 ATP酶法进行梭内肌纤维分型的影响

探讨酸性和碱性预孵育处理，对应用肌球蛋白ATP酶法进行梭内肌纤维分型的影响。采用肌球蛋白ATP酶法。PH4．3和PH4．6预孵育液孵育后，梭内肌纤维中的核袋纤维染色呈阳性，核链纤维染色相对较浅；PH9．4预孵育后，核袋与核链纤维均呈阳性或强阳性；PH10．4预孵育后，核袋1纤维呈阴性，核袋2纤维呈阳性，核链纤维呈强阳性。结论是：用mATP酶法研究梭内肌纤维的分型时，预孵育液的PH值对分型结果有显著影响，应当说明并严格把握预孵育液的PH值。     

Formation and transformation of volatile nanoparticles from a diesel engine during exhaust dilution

A classic H 2 SO 4-H 2 O binary homogeneous nucleation model coupled to an aerosol dynamics model,suitable for studying the formation and transformation of volatile nanoparticles (VNPs) during diesel engine exhaust dilution,has been developed.Using the H 2 SO 4-H 2 O binary homogeneous nucleation model,the nucleation ratio and molecular cluster size were calculated.The effect of aerosol dynamic processes on VNP number size distributions was studied.The effects of fuel sulfur content (FSC) and sampling conditions in the laboratory on VNP number size distributions were also calculated.Our simulations demonstrated that nucleation increased the cluster number concentration and that FSC,temperature and humidity significantly affected the nucleation ratio and molecular cluster size.Coagulation promoted the evolution of cluster-particle size distributions from monodisperse to polydisperse.Soot present in the exhaust can suppress the formation of VNPs.FSC and sampling conditions,like the primary dilution temperature,the primary dilution relative humidity,residence time and the primary dilution ratio have significant effects on VNP number size distributions.     

缝纫复合材料层合板面内性能的分析模型

提出了一种分析缝纫复合材料层合板面内力学性能的模型即纤维弯曲模型（FBM）。认为在缝纫孔周围纤维的弯曲变形是影响缝纫复合材料层合板面内力学性能的主要原因。从分析缝孔单胞的纤维弯曲几何特征入手，最终得到层合板面内的弹性应力应变关系。以缝纫复合材料层合板[0/45/0/-45/90/45/0/-45]2S为例，计算了缝纫复合材料层合板面内拉伸强度。计算结果表明，理论预测与实验结果吻合良好，证实了该模型的正确性。     

Water activity as the determinant for homogeneous ice nucleation in aqueous solutions

The unique properties of water in the supercooled (metastable) state are not fully understood. In particular, the effects of solutes and mechanical pressure on the kinetics of the liquid-to-solid phase transition of supercooled water and aqueous solutions to ice have remained unresolved. Here we show from experimental data that the homogeneous nucleation of ice from supercooled aqueous solutions is independent of the nature of the solute, but depends only on the water activity of the solution--that is, the ratio between the water vapour pressures of the solution and of pure water under the same conditions. In addition, we show that the presence of solutes and the application of pressure have a very similar effect on ice nucleation. We present a thermodynamic theory for homogeneous ice nucleation, which expresses the nucleation rate coefficient as a function of water activity and pressure. Recent observations from clouds containing ice are in good agreement with our theory and our results should help to overcome one of the main weaknesses of numerical models of the atmosphere, the formulation of cloud processes.     

纸张纤维及填料的X射线取向分析

提出了利用ｘ射线衍射法的分析纸张中纤维取向的简便方法，该方法能定量计算出纸张中纤维取向的角分布函数，基于对纸张原料及纸张的Ｘ射线衍射方位角扫描谱半高宽度的测量。对几种商品纸的填料取向也作了分析，从ｘ射线方位角扫描谱的分析表明：滑石粉、高岭土和硫酸顿在纸张中都存在沿纤维方向的品轴取向，而装饰纸中ＴｉＯ２填料的晶轴取向不明显。     

预氧丝原位炭化无粘结剂C/C复合材料氧化动力学研究

采用恒温热重法测定了在空气中,０．１ＭＰａ,６７３Ｋ到９７３Ｋ下预氧丝（即预氧化聚丙烯腈纤维）原位炭化无粘结剂Ｃ／Ｃ复合的氧化失重率;并利用扫描电镜分析了这种复合材料氧化前后的结构,氧化动力学测定结果表明：该材料在氧化开始时,其氧化速率随时间的增长而增大,然后随时间的延长而减小,并趋向恒定,研究表明：该材料中预氧丝与基体炭界面结合处是空气中氧的扩散通道,杂质为空气中氧的吸附起到了有附活性中心的催化     

基于双重数据增强策略的音频分类方法

卷积神经网络模型作为音频特征提取器具有较好的应用效果,但该类模型的训练过程对数据量要求比较高。针对这一问题,本文提出一种基于双重数据增强策略的音频分类方法。首先采用传统音频数据增强方法(旋转、调音、变调、加噪),并将增强后的数据转化为语谱图,再采用随机均值替换法进行谱图增强。在此基础上训练Inception_Resnet_V2神经网络模型作为音频特征提取器,最后训练随机森林模型作为分类器完成音频分类任务。实验结果表明,与已有方法相比,采用双重数据增强策略可明显提升音频分类精度,并且训练出的特征提取模型具有较强的泛化能力。     

弹性固体材料中的空穴萌生与增长

建立了描述弹性固体材料中空穴萌生与增长的非线性数学模型,获得了空穴萌生明控制参数临界值的精确计算公式和空穴半径的精确表达式.在大变形几何分析中采用了对数应变度量,并且应用了Hooke弹性固体材料的本构关系.数值分析结果表明:当材料不可压时空穴萌生的临界载荷将略低于neo-Hooke不可压超弹性材料的相应计算结果,并且在空穴萌生后空穴半径将迅速增大,这与细观损伤力学和超弹性材料的空穴分叉理论的结论相一致;空穴萌生时环向应力将成为无限大;如果材料是弹塑性(韧性)材料,则会得空穴附近发生塑性变形,从而导致材料的局部损伤和破坏.