科学与政治互动下的科学家多元角色——以20世纪美国核政策制定中的科学家为对象

20世纪的科学家在美国的核武政策中发挥了重要作用,一度作为代表参加政治谈判。美国的核科学家们通过这一过程被纳入到政治范畴。在政治斗争中,他们也会利用自身的专门知识占据优势地位。这些科学家影响了国家政策的制定,反过来,政治决策活动也深刻地影响了科学家的职业发展。冷战后,美国科学家参与到核电发展之中,经济因素与核安全文化因素直接影响核电公司的运行与技术操作,进而影响到核电科学家的职业行为。科学家表现出追求功利以及社会责任与道德认识多元化等倾向。科学家的社会角色的多元性日趋明显。

Diverse roles of scientists in the scientific and political interaction——Scientists in the U.S.nuclear policy in the 20th century

In the 20th century,scientists has played an important role in U.S.nuclear weapons policy,and once as representatives participate in political negotiations.Through this process,U.S.nuclear scientists are involved into the realm of politics.In political affairs,they use their own expertise,sometimes occupying a dominant position.These scientists have affected the formulation of national policy,and political decision-making activities,in turn,have profoundly influenced the development of scientists’ career.After Cold War,U.S.scientists participate in the development of nuclear power,and economic factors and cultural factors such as nuclear safety directly affect the operations of nuclear power plants and technical safety,thereby affecting the professional behaviors of the nuclear scientists.The scientists showed the tendency of the diverse pursuits such as interest,fame and gain as well as diverse social responsibility and moral understanding.The diversity of the scientist’s role in society has become increasingly evident.