水下爆破对水生物的损伤机理及防护技术研究综述

为加强对水下爆破对水生物损伤的相关认识，指导水下爆破施工，查阅了大量文献，总结了前人对水下爆破对生物的损伤机理相关研究，从水下爆炸能量释放及传播规律、水下爆炸损伤机理与效应评估、水下爆炸防护措施等方面详细介绍了相关技术研究进展。结果表明：水下爆炸产生的能量主要以冲击波能和气泡能的形式释放，最后衰减为声波能，但各能量的产生、传递和转化机制尚不清晰。爆破产生的冲击波、声波冲均会对鱼类的肝、脾、肾等内部器官造成不同程度的伤害，甚至破坏鱼类的听力和神经系统，但爆破的水生物损伤模型主要以鱼鳔损伤为基础，作用于鱼体不同易损器官的损伤模型尚未建立，损伤模型对鱼群种类、体型大小的评价不足；水下爆破还会对水环境造成扰动，影响鱼的呼吸、摄食、孵化率和成活率，因此爆破引起的水环境的变化长期生物效应研究是一个重点方向，水下爆破对生物多样性的影响也颇具研究意义。目前水生物的主动防护措施主要集中在装药结构起爆方式的改进以及对水生物的驱赶，被动防护手段包括气泡和高分子帷幕、预裂缝和减振沟槽等。针对水生物的防护，可研发新型炸药或者非爆手段替代主动减小冲击波，而基于声学的驱鱼方式是一种重要手段，但结合水下视觉系统，实现...

Research on the damage mechanism and safety protection technology of underwater blasting to aquatic organisms

In order to strengthen the understanding of the damage to aquatic organisms caused by underwater blasting and guide the development of underwater blasting technology, a large number of literatures have been reviewed, and the previous research on the damage mechanism of underwater blasting to organisms has been summarized. The relevant technical research progress is introduced in detail in the aspects of law, underwater explosion damage mechanism and effect evaluation, and underwater explosion protection measures. The results show that the energy generated by the underwater explosion is mainly released in the form of shock wave energy and bubble energy, and finally attenuated to sound wave energy, but the generation, transmission and transformation mechanism of each energy is still unclear. The shock waves and sound waves generated by blasting can cause damage to the internal organs such as the liver, spleen, and kidneys of fish to varying degrees, and even damage the hearing and nervous system of the fish. , the damage model acting on different vulnerable organs of fish has not been established, and the damage model is insufficient to evaluate the species and size of fish; underwater blasting will also cause disturbance to the water environment, affecting the respiration, feeding, hatching rate and survival of fish rate, but the long-term biological effects of blast-induced changes in the water environment are a key direction. The impact of underwater blasting on biodiversity is also of great research significance. At present, the active protection measures of aquatic organisms mainly focus on the improvement of the detonation method of the charge structure and the driving of aquatic organisms. The passive protection measures include air bubbles and polymer curtains, pre-cracks and vibration-damping grooves. New explosives or non-explosive means can be developed to replace the active reduction of shock waves. The acoustic-based fish repelling method is an important means, but combined with the underwater vision system, a visual and evaluable "clearance" can be achieved. Passive protection measures mainly focus on bubble curtain protection technology, and other methods lack relevant experimental and theoretical research. Active and passive combined protection can achieve better protection effect, but the research on the synergistic mechanism of the two is an important direction of research.