高速公路收费站车道功能及方向优化模型

为解决临近城区的高速公路收费站节假日潮汐拥堵问题，通过动态调整收费车道使用功能和切换车道收费方向，提出了收费站车道类型及收费方向控制方法，并给出了相应的收费车道配置流程。结合排队论，考虑车道控制约束，以收费站运营成本、用户延误成本和收费站免费放行损失成本之和最小为目标，构建车道功能及收费方向优化模型。研究结果表明：双向收费车道需设置在收费广场中间，收费站拥堵免费放行位置以在用车道平均排队车辆数5～10辆为判定标准；与不可切换收费方向的传统方案相比，车道控制方案通过平衡出入口交通需求，动态调整车道方向，提升了收费站通行效率；系统成本随电子不停车收费(electronic toll collection, ETC)使用率的增加、交通需求的降低而减少；车道控制方案的系统成本不大于传统方案，且存在潮汐车流时，车道控制方案效益提升更加明显。所提出的车道控制方法能适应不同流量场景，对收费站车道开放和“潮汐车道”设置具有指导意义。

Optimization for Toll Lane Function and Direction of Freeway Toll Plaza

To relieve the tidal congestion at the freeway toll plaza near the urban area in holidays, an approach of toll lane function and direction control, and framework for toll lane allocation were proposed via dynamic modification in toll lane type and direction. Associated with queuing theory, the lane function and direction optimization model was developed with lane control constraint, minimizing the summation of toll plaza operational cost, user delay cost and lost cost due to free tolling in holidays. The results showed that reversible toll lanes need to be allocated in the middle of toll plaza. The location of free-tolling tollbooths was determined by average queuing length with 5 to 10 vehicles. Compared with traditional scheme where lanes were irreversible, scheme with toll lane control balanced the demand between entrance and exit of toll plaza via dynamically reversing the direction of toll lane, such that the traffic efficiency was improved. The cost of toll plaza increased with the advance of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC), while it decreased with the decline of traffic demand. Scheme with toll lane control had smaller cost than traditional scheme and improved the benefit more significantly when tidal flow emerges. The proposed approach of toll lane control can adapt to diverse intensities of traffic flows and provide reference for reversible lane allocation at freeway toll plaza.