双碳目标背景下湖泊湿地的生态修复技术

湖泊湿地是我国湿地的重要组成部分,对于实现碳减排和缓解全球气候变暖具有重要作用,当前全球气候变化和人类活动干扰导致的湖泊湿地退化等限制了其碳汇功能的发挥。笔者梳理了我国湖泊湿地的退化现状与成因,分析了土地利用方式改变、生物多样性降低和环境污染对湖泊湿地碳汇功能的影响,总结了湖泊湿地的生态修复技术及增汇途径:①通过水环境修复技术去除内源和外源污染物、提升湖泊湿地水质、减缓温室气体排放等途径提高湿地植物和土壤碳储量;②生物修复可直接提高植物碳储量,进而通过植源碳的输入和微生物作用等过程提高土壤/沉积物碳储量。水文修复和生境修复技术可为生物修复营造有利的水位和生境条件。未来应强化湖泊湿地生物多样性与其碳库的协同关系及机理、水质特征对湖泊湿地碳演化规律的影响、湖泊湿地生态系统的碳汇饱和度和碳汇计量核准系统的研究等,为实现我国“双碳”目标提供科学依据。

Ecological restoration technologies for lake wetlands for carbon peaking and neutrality

Lake wetlands are the important part of wetlands in China, which plays an important role in reducing carbon emissions and mitigating global climate warming. However, the degradation of lake wetlands caused by global climate change and human activities limits the carbon sink function of wetlands. The status and causes of lake wetland degradation in China were combed, the effects of land use changes, biodiversity reduction and environmental pollution on the carbon sinks function of lake wetlands were analyzed, and the common lake wetland ecological restoration technology and the approaches to increase the carbon storage were summarized in this study. (1) Water environment remediation technology can improve wetland plants and soil carbon storage by removing endogenous and exogenous pollutants, improving the water quality of lake wetlands, and slowing down greenhouse gas emissions, and improve wetland plants and soil carbon storage. (2) Bioremediation technology can directly increase plant carbon storage, and then improve soil/sediment carbon storage through plant source carbon input and microbial action. Hydrologic and habitat restoration technologies can create favorable water levels and habitat conditions for bioremediation. The research about the biodiversity and its collaborative relationship and mechanisms with carbon sinks of lake wetlands, the impact of water quality on the carbon evolution of lake wetlands, the saturation carbon sink, and the measurement and approval system of lake wetlands should be further studied. The results are expected to provide a scientific basis for achieving the carbon peaking and neutrality goals of China.