美国关键矿产战略的演化特征及启示

 收集美国历年发布关键矿产相关的研究报告、政策文本等资料，梳理了美国关键矿产战略的发展历程，总结了其演化特征：（1）战略意图从单纯面向供应安全到以保障安全供应为由满足政治和外交需求；（2）关键性评估方法从关键矿产的静态、定性评估到针对制造业的全产业链动态评估；（3）供应链政策导向从提出“去全球化”到突出“去中国化”；（4）关键性评估对象从关键矿产到与其相关的“卡脖子”技术。美国关键矿产战略呈现出上述演化特征，主要是受到了美国国家安全边界的扩张、“再工业化”资源需求的增长、冷战思维的回归和维护全面实力优势意图的确立等多方面因素的影响。结合中国关键矿产战略的制定和调整，提出了建立和完善中国关键矿产评估体系、推动国内产学研的关键技术协同研发、加强对外关键矿产供应链合作等建议。

Evolution of the US strategy for critical minerals strategy and the implications

The critical minerals, are referred to those strategic non-fuel minerals that are critical to the national economy and defense security but under high supply risks. The U.S. has focused on its supply security since 1930s. This paper reviews the research progress of the critical minerals and the related policies in the U.S., with several key findings:(1) the focus behind the U.S. mineral criticality policy has shifted from the supply security-oriented to the national competitive strategy-oriented system; (2) the methodology of the criticality assessment is shifted from the static assessment of the mineral-based risks to the dynamic assessment of the manufacturing-based supply risks; (3) the orientation of the supply chain management policy is shifted from the deglobalization of the supply chains to the de-coupling from China; (4) the object of the criticality assessment is shifted from the minerals to the emerging technologies related to the containment of China's development. The evolution of the U.S. strategy for the critical minerals is influenced by its excessive expansion of the national security agendas, the resource demand of the manufacturing reshoring, the return of Cold War Mentality and the intention of maintaining the advantage in the overall national strength. Therefore, China should develop unique criticality assessment frameworks according to the China's reality, strengthen the industry-university-research cooperation in the emerging technologies and the international cooperation in the critical minerals supply chains.