国外典型河流生态流量管理实践及启示

 生态流量是河流开发与生态环境保护协调发展的关键指标和难点问题。目前，河流生态流量理论方法体系尚不完善，不足以全面指导生态流量管理实践，导致部分河流、河段的生态系统服务功能退化。虽然生态流量的理论体系和计算方法已开展了较多研究，中国学者对国外生态调度也做了回顾和梳理，但是对生态流量的管理目标仍未形成统一认识。通过梳理国外7条典型河流的生态流量管理实践，从珍稀濒危洄游性鱼类、国际重要湿地、珍稀濒危鸟类等多种生态保护目标，以及流域综合管理机制、水权交易、国际投资等政策管理的多个方面，分析了不同河流的生态流量实施过程和效果，归纳总结了7条典型河流生态流量管理实践的成功经验和不足，进而提出了对政府、管理部门、研究机构、水电企业和非政府组织等多个利益相关方在生态流量研究与管理方面的启示。

Global ecological flow implementations and implications

As one of the key indicators in the river protection, the ecological flow is very difficult to manage in the coordinated development of economy, society and environment in a basin. With the fundamental theory and methods of the ecological flow assessment remaining to be established in China, we face with many problems in managing the ecological flow due to the lack of the guidance of an adequate theory, accompanied, therefore, with the degradations of some river ecosystem services. The studies of theory and methods so far have not resulted in an adequate ecological flow assessment. This paper reviews the ecological flow managements of seven rivers in the world as examples. The results of the managements are analyzed from the aspects of rare and endangered migratory fish species, wetlands of international importance (Ramsar wetlands), and rare and endangered avifauna, as well as from the aspects of integrated watershed management, water right transaction and international investment. From the analyses of their problems and successes in the managements, some lessons may be drawn for relevant authorities (i.e. government, management authorities, institutions, enterprises and NGOs).