浑善达克沙地10年生态恢复回顾与展望

 2000年以来,为配合国家"京津风沙源治理工程",中国科学院在浑善达克沙地启动了"浑善达克和京北农牧交错区退化生态系统恢复试验示范研究"重大课题,连续开展了10年的生态恢复工作,取得了重大进展.项目实验区内蒙古正蓝旗巴音胡舒嘎查有72户288口牧民、面积8400hm²的沙地草地,具有流动沙丘、半固定沙丘、固定沙丘、滩地、湿地5种景观类型.经过10年生态治理,沙地草地得到了基本恢复,困扰国家的沙尘暴问题基本得到解决;牧民结束了买草历史,每年牧草出现富余;通了公路;牧民住上了新房,安装了交流电;有了自来水,改善了卫生条件;建立了中国草原上最大的"以禽代畜"示范基地.巴音胡舒试验区,作为荒漠化防治与生物多样性保护的典型案例,被媒体大量报道,并进入美国大学教科书.10年来,浑善达克生态恢复取得了明显的生态、社会与经济效益.本文简要回顾了试验的具体做法、取得的进展及存在的问题,并对今后大规模推广应用该试验成果提出了可具操作性的建议.

Ten-year-period Demonstration Project in Hunshandake Sandland and Prospect for the Future Development of Eco-stock Farming Industry

In order to realize the national goal of "combating dust storm and desertification in northern Beijing-Tianjin region", since 2000, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has initiated a huge demonstration project in Hunshandake Sandland and Northern Beijing agriculture-pasture trans-zones. After 10 years' experiment in Hunshandake Sandland, great achievements are realized both ecologically and economically. Bayinhushu, the village where the demonstration project was conducted, has 72 household, 288 persons, and a sandland area of 8400hm². The main landscapes include shifting sand dunes, semi-shifting sand dunes, fixed sand dunes, meadows, and wetlands. The serious land degradation has been controlled, plentiful sandland vegetation is recovered, and dust storms are ceased in the demonstration area. The local herdsmen have ended the history of buying forages during winter and early spring from the market, nowadays, they are able to sell the superfluous forages to the market. Herdsmen of Bayinhushu now have their own driveways, new houses, tap-waters, and bathrooms; the living standard is significantly improved. The largest demonstration base for "replacing livestock with poultry" in China's grassland has established. The successful restoration story of Bayinhushu, especially as the case of desertification prevention and biodiversity conservation, has been intensively reported by academic journals and/or media both nationwide and internationwide. The prestigious Science magazine once reported the project achievement as a great ecological event in its special column of News Focus. The US college textbook, Geology and the Environment (6e), also refers Hunshandake story as the successful case of dust storm controlling. The main approaches, achievements, and challenges involving the demonstration project after 10 years' operation are concisely reviewed. Suggestions that are based on the actual practices and go far toward the sustainable development of eco-stock farming industry in a large region of grassland, especially in the four main sandlands in China have been put forward.