材料生命周期评价方法与应用进展

 近20年来,生命周期评价(LCA)这一理念在工业、农业、建筑业等多种领域中得到了广泛的应用。LCA以环境科学为主要研究重点,评估产品对环境的影响,以及二者间的相互作用。本文简要介绍了LCA的定义、框架、起源及发展,重点介绍了生命周期的评价方法。对建筑材料、金属材料和节能装置等LCA应用领域进行了分别论述,所介绍方法均为近几年来在以上3个领域中得到研究并应用于相关材料的生命评价研究之中。文中所提到的方法均以所研究材料对环境的影响作用为主,部分方法同时考虑了经济因素的影响,即在生命周期评价之中引入了生命周期成本(LCC)评估概念,这一做法更符合企业对生命周期评价的要求,保证了企业利益的条件下最大限度地减少环境的影响。最后,全面分析了文中涉及的评价方法,发现其相同的缺陷,即忽略了材料寿命这一关键因素在不同环境下的变动,提出使用环境寿命代替设计寿命的想法,进一步完善了生命周期评价过程,使得其成为更有力的决策工具。

Methods of Material Life Cycle Assessment and Application

In recent 20 years, the concept of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is widely used and related studies make a big progress in many fields such as industry, agriculture and construction industry. The LCA mainly focuses on the aspect of environmental science and evaluates the impact of products on the environment and the interaction between them. This paper reviews the definition, the framework, the origin and the development and mainly the evaluation methodology of LCA. The different methods used in different fields are analyzed. In almost all methods, the environment impact is the first important issue. Some of them consider the economic factors. The Life Cycle Costing (LCC) is introduced into LCA so that the method can consider environmental and economic factors at the same time. Although the evaluation methodology of LCA plays an important role in many fields, many problems remain to be solved. It is shown that almost all methods discussed in this paper ignore the environment life of materials, which limits the application range of LCA methods in different natural environments. It is proposed in this paper to use the environment life in the place of the design life so that the LCA process can be further improved.