福建合院式传统民居正厅木构架类型演变及其分布研究

我国量大面广的传统民居是中华文明与文化遗产的重要构成,南方传统民居是我国民间营造技艺不可缺的重要分支与文化载体。福建传统建筑是南方穿斗体系的重要分支,多元、复杂的福建传统民居具有典型性与代表性。目前对于福建传统民居的研究,主要以民居平面类型和小区域的木构架样式为主,缺乏对福建地区木构架的类型梳理和构架演变的系统研究。本文基于福建地区内100栋合院式民居,结合《鲁班经》《营造法原》等营造做法的解读、比对,从大木构架营造特征的辨析入手,依托建筑类型学、口述史等方法,将传统民居正厅大木构架分成“前廊+厅+后廊”三个组成空间并提炼出不同型制类型,通过研究类型分布厘清各地区正厅大木构架地域性,并结合空间和时间揭示福建地区合院式民居正厅木构架的演变过程。为福建省、乃至我国南方传统民居营造特征辨识及其谱系研究提供基础资料。

Study on the Type Evolution and Distribution of Wooden Frame in the Main Hall of Fujian Traditional Courtyard Dwellings

A large number of traditional dwellings in China are an important component of Chinese civilization and cultural heritage. Traditional dwellings in the south are an indispensable branch and cultural carrier of column and tie construction techniques in China. Fujian traditional architecture is an important part of the southern column and tie construction. The diversified and complex Fujian traditional dwellings are typical and representative. At present, the research on traditional dwellings in Fujian mainly focuses on the plane type of dwellings and the wooden frame style in small areas, and is lack of systematic research on the types and procession of wooden frame in Fujian. Based on 100 courtyard houses in Fujian, combined with the interpretation and comparison of Lubanjin and Yingzaofayuan, this paper starts with the analysis of the construction characteristics of the timber frame, and relies on the methods of architectural typology and oral history, divides the timber frame of the main hall of traditional dwellings into three parts: "front porch + hall + back porch", and refines different types. The paper clarifies the regionality of the main hall wooden frame in different regions, and reveals the procession of the main hall wooden frame of courtyard dwellings in Fujian combined with space and time. It provides basic data for the identification and pedigree research of the construction characteristics of traditional dwellings in Fujian Province and even in the south of China.