谁获得了高等教育——基于户籍身份和家庭背景的双重视角

基于中国综合社会调查(CGSS)2015年数据,考察户籍身份、家庭背景与学生高等教育机会获得之间的关系。研究发现:(1)户籍身份处于不利地位的学生,更有可能来自弱势家庭;(2)在控制家庭背景的条件下,贫困地区农业户籍学生在高等教育机会获得上处于最不利地位;相比贫困地区农业户籍学生,非贫困地区农业户籍学生在高等教育机会获得上的优势不明显,而非农户籍(贫困地区和非贫困地区)学生在高等教育机会获得上的优势则明显得多;(3)在控制户籍身份的条件下,家庭背景越佳,学生在高等教育机会获得上的优势越明显;(4)不论户籍身份是否优越,弱势家庭子女获得高等教育的比例总是处于较低水平。建议通过制度性安排解决好贫困和农村地区公共教育投入不足的问题;重视家庭背景对学生高等教育机会获得的影响,加强对弱势家庭子女(尤其是贫困和农村地区弱势家庭子女)的经济和文化资助;进一步完善高等教育入学机会分配政策体系,提高教育补偿政策的精准性与公平性。

Study on the Access to the Higher Education: Dual Perspectives Based on Household Registration Status and Family Background

Based on the investigation of the relationship between the household registration status,family background and students’access to higher education opportunities in the data of China’s Comprehensive Social Survey(CGSS)in 2015,the main findings are as follows:the students in a disadvantageous position of household registration status are more likely to come from vulnerable families;under the condition of controlling family background,students with agricultural household registration in poor areas are in a disadvantageous position in the access to higher education opportunities,and compared with the students with agricultural registered permanent residence in poor areas,the students with agricultural registered permanent residence in non-poor areas have no obvious advantage in the access to higher education opportunities,while the students with non-agricultural registered permanent residence(poor areas and non-poor areas)have much more advantages in access to higher education opportunities;under the condition of controlling their registered permanent residence status,the better the family background,the more obvious the advantage of students in higher education opportunities;regardless of whether the household registration status is superior or not,the proportion of children from vulnerable families who have access to higher education is always at a low level.The suggestions were put forward:firstly,solve the problem of poor and insufficient public education investment in the rural areas through the institutional arrangement;secondly,pay attention to the impact of family background on students’access to higher education,and strengthen the economic and cultural support for children of vulnerable families(especially children of poor and vulnerable families in rural areas);thirdly,further improve the policy system of higher education access allocation,and propose the accuracy and fairness of high education compensation policy.