面向高等教育强国的前沿学科布局:战略图景与政策取向

前沿学科布局是助力科技创新的基础保障,也是高等教育强国建设的战略支撑。为优化前沿学科布局,世界各国均制定了一系列政策文件。通过政策文本比较分析美、英、德三国前沿学科布局的政策目标、政策内容和政策工具,并进一步考察其共性基础和个性特征。结果发现:致力于通过前沿学科布局来占领科技创新制高点是美、英、德三国的共性基础,其中,围绕国家安全、人工智能的相关学科布局是战略重点。从差异看,美国在前沿学科布局上更加全面并强调对科技创新的全面领导,英国注重保持关键产业与核心技术的创新活力与领先优势,德国则着力维护其在欧洲以至全球的工业领先地位,而且各国在推进过程中选择了差异化的政策工具。基于国际比较,主要有4点启示:坚持规划先行、提升前沿学科布局的前瞻性;深化产教融合,提升科技创新与学科布局的契合度;注重重点突破,强化学科布局对于关键技术的支撑力;推动交叉融合,推动基于跨学科的知识生产创新。

Layout of Frontier Disciplines Facing the Powerful Country of Higher Education:Strategic Picture and Policy Orientation

The layout of frontier disciplines is not only the basic guarantee to promote scientific and technological innovation,but also the strategic support for the construction of a powerful country in higher education.In order to optimize the layout of frontier disciplines,countries all over the world have formulated a series of policy documents.Through the comparison of policy texts,the policy objectives,contents and tools of the layout of frontier disciplines in the United States,Britain and Germany and their common basis and individual characteristics were further investigated.The results show that it is the common foundation of the United States,Britain and Germany to strive to occupy the commanding heights of scientific and technological innovation through the layout of frontier disciplines,among which the layout of relevant disciplines around national security and artificial intelligence is the strategic focus.From the perspective of differences,the United States is more comprehensive in the layout of frontier disciplines and it emphasizes the overall leadership of scientific and technological innovation.Britain pays attention to maintaining the innovation vitality and leading edge of key industries and core technologies,while Germany focuses on maintaining its industrial leading position in Europe and even the world,and different countries select differentiated policy tools in the process of promotion.Based on the international comparison,there are four main enlightenments:adhering to planning first and improving the foresight of the layout of frontier disciplines,deepening the integration of industry and education and promoting the fit between scientific and technological innovation and discipline layout,focusing on the key breakthroughs and strengthening the support of discipline layout for key technologies,and promoting the cross integration and interdisciplinary knowledge production innovation.