Process modeling issues arising in zinc hydrometallurgy

As typical nonferrous metallurgical processes,hydrometallurgical processes are used extensively to recover elemental zinc from raw ores.Accurate system models must be established to increase automation of hydrometallurgical zinc processes with strict energy and environmental requirements.However,the modeling of such processes is hindered by their complex production characteristics and process mechanisms.In this review,we summarize some process modeling issues arising in zinc hydrometallurgy and provide several possible solutions from the perspective of our research work.