煤电气载污染物人体健康风险生命周期评价

以国外的流行病研究资料、健康统计资料和国内的有关统计资料为基础,采用污染物生命周期分析的方法,依据归宿分析-效应分析-危害分析这条途径,研究了采煤-运输-发电过程产生的气载污染物通过空气、水和食品三种暴露途径对人体健康的危害,将煤-电生产整个生命周期排放的气载污染物与人体健康危害之间的定量关系以单位质量污染物所引起的残疾调整生命年(D)表示,提出了煤-电气载污染物对人体健康危害的定量评价方法.对广东茂名热电厂实例分析表明,在煤-电生产的整个生命周期过程中,由SOx、NOx、Cr6 三种污染物引起的健康危害为总健康危害的90.7%,气载致癌物中Cr6 的健康危害最大,三个不同生产阶段以燃煤发电阶段产生的人体健康风险最大.

Human Health Risk Assessment of Airborne Pollutants from Coal-fired Power Plants by Life Cycle Method

The human health risk of airborne pollutants emitting from coal mining to coal-fired power plants is investigated by analyzing their environmental behaviors during the life cycle based on epidemic statistic data. The risk assessment method consists of three steps. The first step is fate analysis, which models the fate factors to estimate the resulting contaminant level in the compartments of air, drinking water and food due to the coal life cycle emission into the air. The second step is effect analysis, which estimates stricken numbers according to the potential population exposed to the contaminated air, drinking water and food and their dose-response relationships. The third step is damage analysis, which turns the resulting fate factors and the effect factors into the disease incidence factors expressed as disability adjusted life years (DALYs). The results of a case study for Guangdong Maoming Coal-Fired Power Plant show that human health risk resulted from coal-fired phase is much more severe than that from coal transport process and coal mining process, and the risks resulted from SO_x, NO_x,Cr~(6+) account for 90.7% of the total risks. It is also revealed that Cr~(6+) is the most harmful pollutant among airborne carcinogenic pollutants released in the life cycle.