唐卡绘画中的曼陀罗图式与西藏宗教造像学象征的渊源

文章主要对唐卡中的曼陀罗(坛城)图式的渊源进行了探讨,认为西藏的曼陀罗图式虽然来自印度,但在具体的象征意义上有了变化,尤其藏传佛教确立以后,其图式已经不单来自于具体的某一个“源头”,而是多重文化渊源影响的结果,这里面,内地的盖天说宇宙论和汉代以来流行的博局纹符号、明堂图式对于西藏的曼陀罗图式的影响和作用要大于印度传统模式的影响,而且,印度的密教本身也具有来自中国宗教文化的因素。

Mandala Patterns on Tangkha Paintings and the Sources of the Symbol of the Tibetan Religious Statues

This essay mainly discusses the sources of the Mandala patterns on Tangkha paintings. It is considered that the Mandala patterns in Tibet are originated from India. However, the symbolic sense of them have changed, especially since the Tibetan Buddhism has been established, the patterns no longer come from a specific source, they are the result of multiple cultures' influences. Under influences from both Chinese and Indian cultures, the symbols, such as the patterns from heaven-cover cosmology, the TLV-symbols and the patterns in ancestral temples of Han people in the Han Dynasty have more impact on the Mandala patterns than from the Indian traditional patterns. Moreover, even the Indian tantra itself contains some essentials of the religious culture originated from China.