Mineral deformation and subglacial processes on ice-bedrock interface of Hailuogou Glacier |
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Authors: | GengNian Liu YiXin Chen Yue Zhang and HaiRong Fu |
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Institution: | College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China |
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Abstract: | Hailuogou Glacier is located in a warm and humid maritime environment. It is large and moves very fast. The bottom of the
glacier slides intensively and the temperature at the bottom approaches the pressure melting point. Therefore, there are abundant
melting water and debris which act as effective “grinding tools” for glacial abrasion. Polarizing microscope is used to observe
the mineral deformation characteristics on the ice-bedrock interface. It is found that feldspar, quartz, hornblende and biotite
are exposed to deformation, fracture and chemical alteration to various extents. Bending deformation is common for biotite,
due to their lattice characteristics, and the bending orientations are mostly the same as the glacier flow. Bending deformation
also occurs in a few hornblendes. High-angle tension fracture and low-angle shear fracture are common for quartz and feldspar,
some of them are totally crushed (mylonizations) due to their rigidity. Thus, all the abrasion, quarrying, subglacial water
action and subglacial dissolution processes at the bottom of the glacier are verified at the micro-scale level. Mineral deformation
and fracture are the basic subglacial erosion mechanisms. The abrasion thickness is 30–90 μm for each time and the average
is 50 μm. Most of the debris are silt produced by glacial abrasion. The extent of mineral deformation and fracture decreases
drastically downwards beneath the bedrock surface. The estimated erosion rate is about 2.2–11.4 mm/a, which is similar to
that of other maritime alpine glaciers, smaller than that of large-scale piedmont glaciers in Alaska (10–30 mm/a), and larger
than that of continental glaciers (0.1–1.0 mm/a). The type and size of a glacier are the main factors that influence its erosion
rate. |
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Keywords: | maritime climate Hailuogou Glacier subglacial process mineral deformation glacial erosion |
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