森林作业法的历史发展与面向我国森林经营规划的三级作业法体系

从森林作业法的发展历史和概念定义开始,19世纪初期在德国执行的作业法技术体系中,第1级产品目标分为两个大类,第2级按森林形态分为5个小类,第3级按作业方式划分出14个具体的作业法。简要说明了森林作业法技术体系在全球不同区域的演化和应用发展情况;在中国多功能森林经营科学定义的基础上,论述了我国三级结构的多功能森林作业法的方法学要点,理解应用“自然与人工协同合力”的核心科学机理和“多层次、多功能、近自然、全周期”的技术关键,阐述了规范经营方式和主导功能的一级森林作业法、规范森林类型或树种组成的二级作业法和规范林分全周期经营计划的三级作业法的体系架构及关键技术要领,展示了技术体系在国家、省级森林经营样板基地的示范应用情况和初步效益结果。综合分析认为,混交林、保留性择伐作业和保障部分优势林木生命过程的经营计划等三方面技术是实现森林生态系统经营的关键技术,是践行“绿水青山就是金山银山”重要思想的现代林业经营模式,持续执行将有利于推动生态文明社会的发展。

Silvicultural system: the historical review and new development of a Hierarchically Structured System for management planning in China

With the development history and conception of the silvicultural system (SS), the system implemented in Germany in the early 19^th century was first introduced. The first level was product targets containing two categories, the second level was forest forms comprising five sub-categories, and the third level was operational models relevant to 14 silvicultural regimes. The evolution and application of time-honored SS techniques in other parts of the world are also briefly discussed. By defining the multi-functional forest management of China, this paper discusses the methodological points of a structured three-level multi-functional silvicultural system that was developed in China based on the application of the “Natural and artificial synergy” scientific mechanism and the “Multi-level, multi-functional, close-to-nature, life-cycle” technical principles. A detailed introduction is made for the prime level SS aimed at regulating the operation mode and lead function, the intermediate level SS for regulating forest type or tree species composition, and the last level for regulation of the full-cycle management plan for forest stands. This hierarchical structure with key technical essentials has been used in the national and provincial Forest Management Plan, and has been demonstrated in the 15 National Forest Management Base Regions with positive preliminary results. Lastly, three technical attributes, namely, structured mixed forests, retained selective cutting, and an operational plan to preserve partial dominant-tree life processes are the key techniques for multi-functional forest ecosystem management. They are essential for the contemporary forestry mode to practice the important concept of “Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets.”