近现代中国水产养殖业发展回顾与展望

本文较为系统地回顾了近现代我国淡、海水养殖业发展的历史，重点总结了新中国成立以来水产养殖业成功的理论与关键技术，分析了制约水产养殖业持续发展的种质、病害与环境等关键问题，展望了新世纪我国水产养殖业发展的前景。新世纪我国水产养殖业的发展态势日趋明朗，即朝着生态养殖和工程养殖两个方向发展；其理论基础是运用现代生物学理论和生物与工程技术，协调养殖生物与养殖环境的关系，达到互为友好、持续高效；其总体目标是实现养殖生物良种化、养殖技术生态工程化、养殖产品优质高值化和养殖环境洁净化，最终实现水产养殖业的可持续发展。新世纪我国水产养殖业发展对策是实施生态工程养殖战略，促进水产养殖业的健康发展；立足基础研究。强化高新技术的应用；实施良种工程，不断推出养殖新良种；从平衡水域各产业的需求出发，调整现有养殖区养殖结构、规模与布局；集成现代生物和工程技术，实施陆地和潮上带工程化养殖；以养殖生态学理论和现代工程技术为基础，大力发展浅海离岸设施渔业；从改善我国人口营养结构出发，大力发展水产品加工业等。

China Aquaculture Industry Development in Modern Times and Contemporary Age: Status and Prospects

This paper presents a systematic review of the development history of mariculture and freshwater aquiculture in modern China. The theories and key technologies contributing to the success of the aquaculture industry achieved in China since 1949 are summarized. Major problems i.e., disease, deterioration of germ plasm and aquaculture environment, all of which jeopardize sustainable development of the aquaculture industry, are discussed, as are also the prospects of aquaculture development in the 21st century. The two directions for aquaculture development are ecological aquaculture and engineering aquaculture. Future aquaculture is based on the implementation of modern biological theories and bio technology to harmonize the relationship between cultured organism and the culture environment and attain environmental sustainability. In particular, the general goal for aquaculture development is to realize genetic improvement of cultured species, ecological engineering of cultured technologies, increased value of aquacultural products and cleaning of culture environment. Eventually sustainable development of the aquaculture industry will be achieved. Measures for the developing aquaculture industry in the new century are as follows: implementation of ecological engineering aquaculture strategy, promoting the healthy development of the aquaculture industry; taking advantage of fundamental research to strengthening application of high technology; implementation of stock breeding project to continually produce new culture strains; from the balancing the requirements of the various industries associated with the water area, adjusting culture structure, scale and layout in existing culture water areas; integration of modern biological and engineering technologies, carrying out engineering aquaculture in land and supratidal zone; vigorous development of fishery facilities in off shore shallow sea on the basis of aquaculture ecological theories and modern engineering technologies; and vigorous development of aquacultural product processing industry in order to improve the nutrition structure of China's population.