两次鸦片战争前后中西火炮“模数”研究

两次鸦片战争前后,中西火炮都是在模数理论指导下设计出来的。清军主导型红夷炮多而杂,炮形极大,炮口极小,发射的炮弹较轻,杀伤力有限的特点具有普遍性。英军或英法联军铁炮分类较统一,膛壁较薄、重量较轻、遵循模数理论较好。今对该时期的火器史料以及遗留的火炮实物进行分析,发现中西火炮模数设计确实存在着一些差距,清军模数理论应是一种传统经验的延续。制约中西火炮模数设计的差距原因,可从一些技术和社会因素中得到解释。

Discussion on the Modulus of Chinese and West Iron Cannons Around the Two Opium Wars

Around the two Opium Wars, muzzle-loading smooth-bore cannons of the West and China were designed accordingto the Modulus theory. The Red Barbarian cannons were huge in body and thick in chamber. The British or allied armies of Englishand French iron cannons were better than the Chinese ones in many aspects. A systematic analysis of Chinese and Western literatureabout that period and of the real artilleries still held nowadays shows that some differences really exist between the designing ofWestern cannons ...