新生录取流程中程序正义的实现与妥协——基于美国七校的考查

程序正义注重过程的公平公正,是正义实现的必要组成部分。在新生录取流程中,程序正义的特点为中立性和对等性,指向录取过程对所有学生保持一致。通过采用质性取向下的多个案比较分析法,研究发现:美国不同类型名校的新生录取流程均始于招生官对每份申请材料的独立评价,并经历团队评议,止于招生季末终审。该流程践行的程序正义具有两面性:通过多种规范举措避免人为权力的恣意滥用和不当行使,以规则之治实现程序正义;出于照顾弱势群体、政治避让或责任、(市场)利益优先、办学现实等错综复杂的考虑,以人为之治给予部分申请者差别待遇,使程序正义有所妥协。程序正义不能完全以“看得见的方式”实施的根本原因在于美国名校录取新生受到政府、社会、市场以及高校学术力量、行政力量的共同影响,需要平衡各种有重合也有冲突的利益诉求。因此,程序正义的妥协可分为出于合理目的情有可原的妥协和出于利益交换目的需被质疑的妥协。

Realization and Compromise of Procedural Justice in Freshman Admission Process: An Examination Based on Seven American Colleges and Universities

The procedural justice pays attention to the fairness and justice of the process,which is an essential part of the realization of justice.In the freshman admission process,the procedural justice is characterized by neutrality and equivalence,which points to the consistency of admission process for all students.Through adopting the method of multiple case comparative analysis under the qualitative orientation,it is found that the admission process of different types of famous universities in the United States starts from the independent evaluation of each application material by the admissions officers,experiences team evaluation,and ends at the end of the recruitment season.The procedural justice practiced in the process has two aspects.On the one hand,it avoids the arbitrary abuse and improper exercise of human power through a variety of normative measures,and achieves the procedural justice under the rule.On the other hand,due to the complicated considerations such as taking care of disadvantaged groups,political avoidance or taking political responsibility,giving priority to(market)interests,and school-running reality,colleges and universities gives some applicants differential treatment under the rule of man-made,which leads to the compromise of procedural justice.The fundamental reason why the procedural justice cannot be implemented in a“visible way”,is that selecting new students by famous American colleges and universities,is jointly influenced by government,society,market,academic and administrative forces of colleges and universities,and thus it is necessary to balance all kinds of overlapping and conflicting interests.Therefore,the compromise of procedural justice can be divided into two types,including excusable compromise for reasonable purposes and questionable compromise for the purpose of exchange of interests.