中国钒资源全生命周期动态物质流分析

 钒在钢铁、化工和航空航天等领域的广泛应用持续推动钒物质流动和供需格局的变化，特别是电池应用的商业化将影响未来能源转型及新能源存储领域的长期发展。为揭示中国钒物质流的变化和未来供需格局，构建了钒的全生命周期物质流分析框架，核算了2000-2019年中国钒的流量、存量和供需情况。研究显示：（1）中国是钒生产和消费大国，含钒钢铁、合金（钒铁合金）是金属钒的主要消费领域，消费占比稳定在85%以上，储能电池作为钒的前沿应用，占钒消费总量的比例也在不断增加；（2）2000-2019年中国是钒初级产品净进口国（5362 t），也是钒制品净出口国（8284 t），全钒液流电池处于出口状态，钒储能技术研究将迎来高峰；（3）2010-2019年钒在用存量增加了5倍，达到120万t，其中电池在用存量增加了24倍，钒开始向电池等新兴行业发展；（4）2000-2019年钒报废量为8.1万t，仅有1.8万t被回收（回收率为23%），提高钒的循环利用可以减少钒原矿资源的开采及其产生的环境影响。

Material flow analysis of vanadium in China from 2000 to 2019

The wide application of the vanadium resources in the fields of the steel, the chemicals, the aerospace and others promotes the vanadium flow and the change of the supply and demand pattern, especially, the commercialization of the battery applications will affect the energy transformation and the long-term development of the new energy storage field. To reveal the supply and demand pattern, this paper analyzes the dynamic material flow of vanadium during the whole life cycle of mining, smelting, refining, manufacturing, processing, use and waste management in China from 2000 to 2019. It is shown that:(1) the steel industry is the main consumption field of vanadium, with the consumption stable at more than 85%. The vanadium redox flow battery, as the frontier application of vanadium, accounts for an increasing proportion of the vanadium consumption; (2) from 2000 to 2019, China is a net importer of the primary vanadium products (5.4 kt) and a larger net exporter of the final vanadium products (8.3kt). The battery is in the export stage, and the research of the vanadium energy storage technology will help to push the export to the peak stage; (3) from 2010 to 2019, the vanadium in-use stock is increased 5 times, reaching 1.2 million tons, of which the in-use stock of the battery is increased 24 times, the production of vanadium begins to develop into emerging industries such as the batteries; (4) the scrap amount is 80.9 kt, of which 18.3 kt is recycled, with a recycling rate of 23%, and the improvement of the recycling can reduce the mining and environmental impact of the vanadium mines in the future.