产业技术结构与“卡脖子”技术特征——以高端数控机床为例

 为探讨中国“卡脖子”技术形成的原因，以高端数控机床为例，从微观视角分析了“卡脖子”技术结构和产业特征。研究发现中国高端数控机床产业的专利分布呈现科学界和产业界分化现象，技术集成度、复杂度不高并且专利价值较低，竞争能力较弱；高校院所以数控技术为主，技术体系呈现链式结构；领军企业以机床制造为主，技术体系呈现离散型结构。而日本数控机床产业体系以领军企业为主，并且专利呈现较高的技术集中度、关联度，整体技术体系呈现多技术核心的网络结构，数控和制造技术结合度高，具有较强的竞争能力。建议从技术生态体系构建、“卡脖子”技术分类攻关机制、改革评价方式等方面加强现代化产业链锻造，提高安全可靠能力。

Industrial technology structure and the bottleneck technique: With CNC machine tools as an example

In order to reveal the characteristics of the bottleneck technique, with CNC machine tools as an example, using the case comparison methods, this paper analyzes the patent technology characteristics from a micro perspective based on the patentometrics. It is found that there is a gap between the scientific community and the industry in China. In general, the technology integration is complex and the patent value is in a low level, with weak competitiveness. The universities focus mainly on the CNC technology, with the technology system in a chain structure. The enterprise is mainly based on the machine tool manufacturing, with the technology system in a discrete structure. Japanese CNC machine tools are dominated by leading enterprises, and their patents show a high degree of technological concentration and relevance, with the overall technology system in a network structure of multiple technology cores, with a high degree of combination between the CNC and the manufacturing technology, and with high competitiveness. Finally, to strengthen the forging of the modern industrial chain and improve the safety and the reliability, it is recommended to build a technology ecosystem, with a bottleneck technique classification mechanism, and to reform the evaluation methods.