计量法学、计算法学到认知法学的演进

本文从技术发展和学科交叉的角度,论述了一般量化方法、计算智能和认知智能先后被应用于法学系统对法学理论与司法实践产生的重要推动作用,首次提出了认知法学的理论和概念,分析了认知法学的内容、研究意义与学科分支,并梳理了计量法学、计算法学与认知法学的发展脉络.自然科学的方法引入法律领域对减少法律系统中的主观性、为法律中的模糊表达提供客观参考具有积极意义,然而,法律信息语义模糊、法规冲突、司法解释具有开放性、司法裁判需要常识,各种隐性知识、过程知识、模糊知识等难以用计算机符号体系表达.认知智能重在提高智能系统对数据理解、知识表达、逻辑推理和自我学习能力,将更好地理解法学规则和分析法律行为.认知法学运用认知智能将提高智能系统对法学问题的理解和认知能力,增强智能裁判的可解释性,从计量法学、计算法学发展到认知法学是法学研究的必然趋势.作为认知社会科学的一部分,认知法学将完善和发展传统法学理论,促进英美法系和大陆法系的深度融合,并有望成为法学研究的新交叉学科分支.

Evolvement from Jurimetrics, computational law to cognitive law

The paper discusses the impact of natural sciences such as artificial intelligence technology to Jurimetrics, computational law (or computational jurisprudence) and cognitive law (or cognitive jurisprudence) from the perspective of technological development and interdisciplinary. It first proposes the theory and definition of cognitive law, including its research scope, studying meanings and academic discipline, and teases out the relationships among Jurimetrics, computational law and cognitive law. To reduce the subjectivity and provide the objective reference for the vague expression in legal system, some quantitative methods, computational intelligence and cognitive intelligence are applied to legal system successively. However, legal information is open textured and semantic vagueness, and it is difficult to express all kinds of tacit knowledge, process knowledge and fuzzy knowledge by computer symbol system. Cognitive intelligence stresses to improve the ability of intelligent systems to understand data, express knowledge, reason logically and learn by themselves. Following the footsteps of technology, it will be the inevitable trend stepping from Jurimetrics and computational law to cognitive law. Cognitive law improves the understanding of legal rules and analysis of legal behavior, and enhances the interpretability of intelligent judgments by utilizing cognitive intelligence. As the sub-branch of cognitive social science, cognitive law will improve traditional legal theories, promote the deeply integration of the Common law system and the civil law system, and is expected to be a new interdisciplinary subject.