城市生态可持续发展量度方法探讨——以深圳市为例

城市地域的可持续发展必须以生态的可持续发展为前提。生态足迹计算模型通过比较人类对生态环境的影响程度与区域生态承载力之间的平衡程度以衡量区域的生态可持续发展状态。在介绍生态足迹的理论和计算模型的基础之上，对深圳市2000年的生态可持续发展状态进行了实例计算和分析，结果表明深圳市2000年的人均生态赤字为1.9751hm²/人，深圳城市生态处于非可持续发展状态，以消耗自身生态资源和转移生态压力作为城市发展代价。进一步分析了深圳市的生态赤字构成，生态压力的空间分布，并与国内部分城市的生态足迹进行了对比分析。最后，对生态足迹计算模型在城市区域应用的优缺点进行了探讨，并就如何减少深圳市的生态赤字，降低深圳市对外部生态系统的依赖性提出了相应对策。

Measuring Urban Ecological Sustainability:A Case Study in Shenzhen City

The ecological footprint (EF) has been given much attention as an indicator for urban sustainable development over the last years. This paper applies the EF concept and calculation method to measure the ecological sustainability of Shenzhen City in 2000. An overall average EF of Shenzhen is calculated, using food, energy and chemical products consumption items in terms of the land area respectively required. Imports and exports data are considered during the calculation. The EF of Shenzhen City at 2.0227 hm² dramatically overshoots its ecological capacity of 0.0477 hm², it can be concluded that Shenzhen City is in "ecological deficit", in the sense that it is using more biologically productive land than that available within its borders and it highly dependents upon external ecosystems for its food, material, energy resources and waste assimilation. The ecological deficit of Shenzhen City is due to dramatically changed regional landscape, leading to a conclusion that the EF of Special Zone is higher than other areas in Shenzhen. The EF of Shenzhen is also compared with those of several other Chinese cities, showing that the former is lower than Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Macao. The paper also comments on various methodological issues that have arisen in the calculation of Ecological Footprints. Finally, the policy improvements responding to the EF measure are suggested: controlling population through improving industry pattern, reducing consumption level and increasing ecological capacity.