Liver X receptors in cardiovascular and metabolic disease |
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Authors: | R Geyeregger M Zeyda T M Stulnig |
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Institution: | 1. Clin. Div. of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dept. of Internal Med. III, Medical University of Vienna, W?hringer Gürtel 18—20, 1090, Vienna, Austria 2. CeMM — Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract: | Liver X receptors (LXRs) α and β are nuclear oxysterol receptors and metabolic sensors initially found to regulate cholesterol
metabolism and lipid biosynthesis. Recent studies have elucidated the importance of LXR in the development of cardiovascular
diseases and metabolic disorders. LXR agonists prevent development of atherosclerosis by modulation of metabolic as well as
inflammatory gene expression in rodent models. Moreover, LXR activation inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis and lowers serum
glucose levels, indicating possible application of LXR activation in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, first-generation
LXR agonists elevate hepatic and serum trigylceride levels, making subtype-specific agonists and selective LXR modulators
rather than unselective LXR agonists a potential pharmacological strategy. This review summarizes the multiple physiological
and pathophysiological implications of LXRs and observations that identify LXRs as potential targets for therapeutic interventions
in human cardiovascular and metabolic disease.
Received 30 August 2005; received after revision 10 October 2005; accepted 4 November 2005 |
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Keywords: | Liver X receptor macrophages atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease diabetes mellitus metabolic syndrome |
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