白酒陶瓷包装的重金属溶出研究概况与展望

用陶瓷贮存白酒是中国千百年来的传统,陶瓷包装中重金属离子的溶出对白酒酒质风味和人体健康的影响一直为研究者所关注,但针对白酒陶瓷包装的重金属溶出影响机制研究相对较少。分析总结了近年来白酒陶瓷包装中重金属溶出分布及影响因素的研究现状和进展。通过对陶瓷釉料中主要成分的分析看出,重金属助溶剂和着色剂是陶瓷包装重金属溶出的主要来源。对比国内外陶瓷制品相关重金属溶出限量标准和分析测试方法发现,目前限量标准主要控制Pb和Cd,但一些研究表明陶瓷包装中Zn和Ni的溶出也不容忽视。进一步对白酒陶瓷包装中重金属溶出影响因素的分析发现,陶瓷釉料成分比例及厚度、白酒的pH值和酒精度都会影响陶瓷包装中的重金属溶出,离子交换过程和玻璃基体溶解被认为是陶瓷包装中Pb的主要溶出机理,且研究表明高酒精度白酒有利于减少总酸的形成并抑制陶瓷包装中重金属的溶出。未来可进一步探讨白酒的酸度、酒精度和酯类物质与陶瓷包装中重金属的相互作用及影响机制,为从白酒陶瓷包装的生产源头到白酒贮存消费的全过程减少和控制重金属溶出提供科学依据。

Survey and Prospect on Dissolution of Heavy Metals from Ceramic Packaging of Baijiu

Ceramic has been used to store and package Baijiu for thousands of years in China. The dissolution of heavy metals from ceramic packaging has effects on Baijiu quality and human health. However, there are few reports on the dissolution mechanism of heavy metals from ceramic packaging of Baijiu. The distribution of heavy metals dissolution from ceramic packaging and its influence factors were summarized in this paper. The cosolvent and colorant containing heavy metals were probable the main dissolution sources based on the analysis of composition of ceramic glaze. The related limitation and test standards of heavy metals dissolution from ceramic in the world were compared and Pb and Cd were mostly focused in these standards. However, the research results showed that the dissolution of Zn and Ni from ceramic packaging should not be neglected. The ingredients, ratios and thickness of glaze were the main factors affecting the dissolution of heavy metals from ceramic packaging as well as pH and alcohol concentration of Baijiu. Ion exchange and dissolution of glass matrix were considered as the principal mechanisms of Pb from the ceramic packaging. Moreover, it indicated that high alcohol concentration of Baijiu was in favor of decreasing the acid formation and inhibiting the dissolution of heavy metals. The interaction mechanisms between acid, alcohol and ester in Baijiu and heavy metals in ceramic should be further researched to provide a basis for reducing and controlling the heavy metal dissolution during the production of ceramic packaging and the whole process of Baijiu storing and consuming.