Membrane currents in cardiac pacemaker tissue

The present work is a brief survey of the mechanism of the cardiac pacemaker in sinoatrial node cells. Information on the pacemaker mechanism in cardiac tissue has been greatly enhanced by the development of the single cell isolation technique and the patch clamp technique. These methods circumvent to a large extent the difficulties involved in voltage clamping multicellular preparations. The calcium current (ICa), delayed rectifier potassium current (IK), transient outward current (Ito;IA), and the hyperpolarization activated inward current (Ih or If) were found both in whole cell preparations and in single channel analysis. The physiological significance of these currents, together with the exchange current systems for the pacemaker depolarization are discussed.