悖论与解决交通拥挤的经济学方法有效性

利用交通网络扩建后路网整体和出行者个体效益均没有改善的悖论,对交通问题的复杂性以及两种解决交通拥挤问题的经济学手段的有效性进行了深入分析.通过Braess悖论引入出行者的路径选择行为原则,并分析了交通总需求量变化对Braess悖论网络均衡态的影响;提出了一个多OD对的Lovell悖论,并介绍了其特征;利用Lovell悖论对交通拥挤收费和可交易的瓶颈许可证理论的应用效果作了深入分析.研究表明:交通需求总量的变化对网络的均衡态有直接影响;在多OD对情形,仍然存在网络扩建不能提升网络实际效益的悖论;较易实施的交通拥挤收费的预期实施效果很难达到,可交易的瓶颈许可证实施效果好,但是实施成本较高.

Paradox and Validity Analysis of Economic Approaches to Solve Transportation Congestion

By making use of the paradox that expanding the road network may not be able to improve the benefit of the whole network and travellers,the complexities of transportation problems and the effectiveness of the two economic approaches to solve traffic congestion were analysed.The principles of travellers’ routing selection were introduced by using Braess paradox.The influence of the variation of total traffic demand on network equilibrium states of Braess paradox was analysed.Lovell paradox with multiple OD pairs and its features were presented.Based on Lovell paradox,the application effects of traffic congestion pricing and tradable bottleneck permits were analysed.The results show that the variation of total traffic demand has a direct influence on network equilibrium states.There still exists the paradox that expanding network results in no any improvement of benefit of traffic network with multiple OD pairs.Congestion pricing implemented easily achieves its expected result hardly,but tradable bottleneck permits implemented costly may achieve a good result.