类比论证的特征及其评价标准

尽管隐喻和类比都属于科学的逻辑,但隐喻是创造相似性的,因此,如何评价一个隐喻的好坏,尚无公认的标准。而类比论证的基本特征是基于(已接受的)相似性的推理,从而可以对它给出相关评价。Bartha近来提出类比论证的评价标准和程序,他提出的标准主要包括先验关联和泛化潜力两个方面的。以达尔文的人工选择和自然选择的类比为例表明Bartha的标准和程序可以用于说明科学知识的变化问题。

The Essence of Analogical Arguments and Its Justification Criterions

Although the analogy and the metaphor are part of the logic of science,the metaphor creates similarities,so there is no accepted criterion for justifying it.However,the essential feature of the analogical argument is that it is a kind of reasoning which is based on(the accepted) similarities,so it could be justified.Recently,Bartha generates some criterions and a program for justifying the analogical arguments.His criterions include priori association and potential for generalization.In the case study of Darwin’s analogy that is between the artificial selection and the natural selection,it shows the criterions and the program could do some help for explaining the problem of the change of scientific knowledge.