土壤中纳米材料毒性效应的研究进展

系统评述了纳米材料对土壤中微生物、植物和动物的毒性效应，总结了纳米材料在食物链的富集和毒性效应中的研究情况，归纳了纳米材料对土壤生物的毒性机制，包括氧化应激、毒性金属离子释放和物理接触等．阐述了影响纳米材料毒性效应的主要因素自身理化性质和环境因子．针对目前纳米材料在土壤毒性效应研究中面临的主要问题，对今后纳米材料的研究方向，如食物链水平的毒性效应、模型弥补实验方法的不足、复合和长期毒性效应等，做出进一步的展望． 

Research progress for toxic effect of nanomaterials in soil

Nanomaterials are released inevitably into the environment due to mass production and extensive uses．In the environment, the soil serves as the main sink for released nanomaterials．The environmental impact and biological toxicity of soil nanomaterials have been extensively investigated．Here we review the sources and concentrations of nanomaterials in the soil, toxicity of nanomaterials (on soil microorganisms, plants, animals), enrichment and toxicity of nanomaterials in the food chain．Major factors (e.g. physicochemical properties of nanomaterials and environmental factors) modulating toxicity of nanomaterials are summarized, as well as possible mechanisms of nanomaterial toxicity (oxidative stress, toxic metal ion release and physical contact)．Remaining challenges and problems regarding soil nanomaterial toxicity are listed, as well as future directions for further research (toxicity at the food chain level, compensation models for lack of experimental methods, long-term toxicity, combined toxicity of nanomaterials and other pollutants)．