全球价值链背景下离岸外包对全要素生产率及工资的影响

利用中国工业企业数据、海关数据以及WIOD数据,使用倾向得分匹配和双重差分法研究了不同时期离岸外包对企业工资的影响,并构建了面板模型检验其影响的传导途径,以充实离岸外包在全球价值链视角下对生产效率和工资的实证检验结果.结果表明,在经济稳定期,离岸外包对企业工资水平有提升效应,但不利于企业全要素生产率的进一步提高;在经济动荡期,则更有利于企业全要素生产率的提高,而不利于企业工资的改善.整体而言,离岸外包主要通过生产效率效应、规模经济效应以及管理强化效应影响工资水平,其中生产效率效应最显著,而规模经济效应和管理强化效应的作用相对较小;生产效率效应对于技术密集型和劳动密集型企业的工资影响更大,而资本密集型企业的工资则受管理强化效应的影响更多.在离岸外包过程中通过技术进步改善要素的报酬率成为工资变化的内在原因,离岸外包更加有利于发展中国家技术要素的报酬增长和技术密集型企业的规模扩张.

The Impact of Offshore Outsourcing on Total Factor Productivity and Manufacturing Wages in the Context of Global Value Chains

Chinese industrial enterprise data, customs data and WIOD data were used to study the impact of offshore outsourcing on wages in different periods by means of the propensity score matching and double difference method, and build the panel model to examine the transmission path of the impact, so as to enrich the empirical test results of offshore outsourcing on production efficiency and wages from the perspective of global value chain. The results show that in a period of economic stability, offshore outsourcing has an effect on the wage level of enterprises, but it is not conducive to the further improvement of enterprises'' total factor productivity; in a period of economic turbulence, it is more conducive to the improvement of enterprises'' total factor productivity, but not conducive to the improvement of enterprises'' wage level. In general, offshore outsourcing affects the wage level mainly through three ways: production efficiency effect, scale economy effect and management strengthening effect, among which the production efficiency effect is the most significant, while the scale economy effect and the management enhancement effect are relatively small. The effect of production efficiency on the wages of technology-intensive and labor-intensive enterprises is greater than that of capital-intensive enterprises. In the process of offshore outsourcing, improving the rate of return of factors through technological progress is the internal cause of wage changes. Offshore outsourcing is more conducive to the growth of technological factors and the scale expansion of technology intensive enterprises in developing countries.