流感病毒疫苗研究现状、发展趋势和展望

 流感大流行严重威胁人类的生命健康和社会经济的发展。及时提供充足、有效的流感疫苗是目前各国应对流感大流行的首选方法。然而，目前流感疫苗还存在许多问题，如生产周期长、保护范围有限（不具备广谱性）、易产生过敏反应等。为此，各国政府和科研团体都在进行着不懈的努力以应对流感的大流行。本文介绍了目前国内外使用的流感疫苗，比较了流感灭活疫苗和减毒活疫苗的优缺点；针对当前流感病毒疫苗研制中亟待解决的问题，即疫苗的保护时效及合适的培养基问题，探讨了解决的思路以及取得的进展；结合中国在流感方面的主要研究进展，探讨了中国流感病毒疫苗相关基础研究中需要解决的关键科学问题，并对未来流感的防控进行了展望。

A Review of Influenza Vaccine Researches

Pandemic influenza poses a grave threat to all mankind. Vaccination is widely considered to be the first line of defense for protecting populations in advance against an influenza pandemic, so the adequate and timely supply of effective vaccines is an urgent issue for the preparedness against the pandemic. There are a number of problems that concern the vaccine uses today, for example,(1) the production cycle is too long to respond to a novel virus; (2) because it is not known beforehand which strain of influenza virus would give rise to a pandemic, vaccines that impart broad cross-reactive immunogenicity are required, but the cross-protection of vaccines between different strains are very weak; (3) many people are allergic to the vaccines because of something in the egg medium. In order to be prepared for the pandemic influenza that may occur in a future time, a concerted effort from public health, commercial and scientific sectors is required. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of the inactivated influenza vaccines and the attenuated live influenza vaccines are discussed. Some aspects related with tackling the obstacles facing the development of influenza vaccine, e.g. the protecting period and the proper medium, and research progresses achieved are reviewed, including some key scientific issues in basic research of influenza, such as virus transmission, host restriction and pathogenesis, which are very important to the influenza vaccine development and pandemic control. Research progresses of influenza in China are also discussed. Some suggestions for influenza control and prevention are proposed.