论《乌夜啼》曲牌来源及其填制

《乌夜啼》之名最早见诸中古乐府,唐代教坊曲中亦有《乌夜啼》,其后唐宋词中出现了大量以《乌夜啼》为词牌的词。通过考察其本事,可以看出,词牌之《乌夜啼》是以唐教坊曲《乌夜啼》为近源,以中古乐府《乌夜啼》为远源,哀怨婉曲是其声情的基本特点。南唐李煜首创《乌夜啼》之后,两宋时期有四十八字左右《乌夜啼》和三十六字《乌夜啼》,后一种情况是以《相见欢》为词调,当视为《相见欢》的别称。北宋时期创作此调的词人除欧阳修以外,比较鲜见,然南宋逐步繁盛,陆游、卢祖皋等是其代表,而且往往一题多作,促进了《乌夜啼》创作的发展。

On the Sources and Composing of Qupai ＂Wu Ye Ti＂

The name of Qupai ＂Wu Ye Ti＂ first appeared in Medieval times Yuefu songs, later also appeared in Jiaofang music song in the Tang Dynasty, then was widely used as the name of Ci in Tang and Song Dynasty. Therefore, we can say that, ＂Wu Ye Ti＂ in Jiaofang music song can be seen as the near source, and ＂Wu Ye Ti＂ in Medieval times Yuefu songs can be seen as the far source. Its basic characteristics are plaintive and euphemistic. After Li Yu, t a famous Ci writer in the Nan Tang Dynasty creatively composing ＂Wu Ye Ti＂ , two versions of it have been seen： one with forty-eight words and the other with thirty-six words in two Song periods; the latter case use the tune of another Qu Pal ＂XiangJian Huan＂ , so it was regarded as the nickname of ＂Xiang Jian Huan＂ . During the Northern Song Dynasty, except Ou Yangxiu, other literati seldom composed this Qupai. But it became prosperous in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the representative literati include Lu You, Lu Zugao and others. They use one tune of ＂Wu Ye Ti＂ and made many different Qupais, promoting greatly the composing of ＂Wu Ye Ti＂