Purinergic signaling in embryonic and stem cell development |
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Authors: | Email author" target="_blank">Geoffrey?BurnstockEmail author Henning?Ulrich |
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Institution: | 1.Autonomic Neuroscience Centre,University College Medical School,London,UK;2.Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Química,Universidade de S?o Paulo,S?o Paulo,Brazil |
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Abstract: | Nucleotides are of crucial importance as carriers of energy in all organisms. However, the concept that in addition to their
intracellular roles, nucleotides act as extracellular ligands specifically on receptors of the plasma membrane took longer
to be accepted. Purinergic signaling exerted by purines and pyrimidines, principally ATP and adenosine, occurs throughout
embryologic development in a wide variety of organisms, including amphibians, birds, and mammals. Cellular signaling, mediated
by ATP, is present in development at very early stages, e.g., gastrulation of Xenopus and germ layer definition of chick embryo cells. Purinergic receptor expression and functions have been studied in the development
of many organs, including the heart, eye, skeletal muscle and the nervous system. In vitro studies with stem cells revealed
that purinergic receptors are involved in the processes of proliferation, differentiation, and phenotype determination of
differentiated cells. Thus, nucleotides are able to induce various intracellular signaling pathways via crosstalk with other
bioactive molecules acting on growth factor and neurotransmitter receptors. Since normal development is disturbed by dysfunction
of purinergic signaling in animal models, further studies are needed to elucidate the functions of purinoceptor subtypes in
developmental processes. |
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