纳米材料毒性机制及其影响因素

纳米材料以其独特的物理化学性质被广泛应用到工农业和人们生活的各个领域,随着纳米材料的生产加工和使用,纳米材料可以经过大气循环、水循环、生物循环进入生态环境,进而侵染生物体,影响人类健康.因此,纳米材料的毒性问题日益受到人们的关注,而纳米材料毒性机制和影响因素是纳米材料毒性研究的热点问题之一.目前,氧化应激和炎症反应是解释纳米材料毒性的两种主要机制,此外,越来越多的研究表明自噬也是纳米材料毒性的一种潜在机制,并且自噬可能与氧化应激和炎症反应相互关联.另一方面,纳米材料的物理化学性质如尺寸、形状、表面修饰等对其毒性产生重要影响.本文首先概括了纳米颗粒进入环境及侵染生物体的方式,分析纳米材料引起生物和环境毒性的机制,最后对影响纳米材料毒性的因素进行深入探讨,以期为纳米毒理学研究提供帮助.

Toxicity mechanism of nanomaterials and influencing factors

Nanomaterials have been applied widely to industry, agriculture and daily life, because of their unique physicochemical properties. During the production and use of such materials, nanomaterials can be released into the environment by atmospheric circulation, water cycle and biological circulation and then infect organisms and affect the human health. Therefore, people are paying more attention to the toxicity of nanomaterials and the toxicity mechanism of nanomaterials and the influencing factors are the hot topics in the research of nanomaterial toxicity. Inflammation and oxidative stress are currently the two main mechanisms described to explain the observed toxicity. Moreover, autophagy could represent an interesting candidate and a growing amount of literature suggests that a link between nanomaterial toxicity and autophagy impairment could exist. Meanwhile, physicochemical properties of nanomaterials such as size, shape, surface-modification have an important effect on the toxicity. This review first summarizes the way of nanoparticles being released into the ecological environment and infecting organisms then generalizes the main toxicity mechanism of nanomaterials, and analyses the influencing factors to provide data for the study of nanomaterial toxicity