相变吸收剂捕集二氧化碳的研究进展

人类工业活动排放的大量CO_2气体是导致全球变暖的主要因素,CO_2捕集、封存与利用(CCUS)是实现碳减排和应对全球变暖最有效的技术方向。常用的CO_2捕集技术中,采用有机胺类化学吸收剂的水溶液捕集CO_2面临的主要技术难题是再生能耗高,如何降低能耗将直接关系到CCUS技术的未来走向。相变吸收剂在吸收CO_2时具有优异的吸收特性,而且可分离为液-液或液-固两相,其中一相富集CO_2,在降低能耗方面呈现出较大优势。通过对传统有机胺水溶液脱除CO_2工艺的能耗结构进行分析,综述了CO_2相变吸收体系在碳捕集方面的研究现状,并对相变吸收剂的研究动向和技术发展前景进行了展望:探索相变吸收剂的相变机理,解决其组成和工艺稳定性问题;开展微胶囊、极性摆动等新型吸收剂和耐热酶、固体酸等催化再生技术方面的研究。

Research progress in carbon dioxide capture using phase-change absorbents

The emission of CO₂ gas by human industrial activity is the main factor that contributes to global warming, while the CO₂ capture, storage and utilization (CCUS) are the most effective technical direction to achieve carbon reduction and fight against global warming. In commonly used CO₂ capture technologies, the main technical difficulty in the use of aqueous solutions of organic amine absorbent for CO₂ capture is that the renewable energy consumption is high. How to reduce the energy consumption has the direct bearing on the CCUS technology''s future development. Phase-change absorbents have excellent absorption characteristics in absorbing CO₂, and can be separated into liquid-liquid or liquid-solid two-phase. One of the two-phase is enriched by CO₂, which presents a significant advantage in reducing energy consumption. Through analysis of the structure of energy consumption of CO₂ removal process using the traditional organic amine solutions, the research status of CO₂ phase change absorption system on carbon capture is reviewed. The phase transformation research trends and development prospects of the absorbents are provided, which is to explore the phase transformation mechanism of phase change absorbents, and to solve the problems of the composition and process stability; to research catalytic regenerative technologies of new type absorbents, heat resistant enzyme and solid acid such as microcapsules and polar oscillations.