古希腊灵魂学说的流变

什么是灵魂,究竟有没有灵魂,灵魂的存在和活动方式是什么,从泰勒斯到亚里士多德,古希腊贤哲关于灵魂的论述深刻影响了西方人的精神世界。按他们所关注的侧重点及其认知水平的不同,可相应地将古希腊关于灵魂问题的探讨划分为自然灵魂？伦理灵魂和神学灵魂这样三个不同的历史时期。起初,灵魂被泰勒斯用来解释自然界的生成变化;到了阿那克萨戈拉或至少苏格拉底那里,灵魂则主要用于阐释人性的善恶,对自然的解释已退居次要地位;后来普罗提诺则直截了当地把灵魂当作具有神学意义的太一之派生物。自然→人→神,是古希腊灵魂概念之流变的基本路径。

The Evolution of the Concept of Soul in the Ancient Greece

What is soul？ Is there soul in the world？ How does soul exist and how does it perform its activities？ From Thales to Aristotle,there were a lot of arguments about it.The arguments have deeply affected the spiritual world of the Western people.According to their emphasis and level of recognition,we can divide them into three historical periods,i.e.,the period of nature soul,the period of ethical soul,and the period of theology soul.At first,Thales used soul to interpret the motion and changes of the nature,and then Anaxagoras or Socrates at least used soul to interpret the good and evil of the human nature.At this period,the nature was less important to the philosophers.At the third period,Plotinus directly regarded soul as a derivative object of the One,which is subordinate to the theology.Nature-human being-god is the path of evolution of the soul in Greece