B-Spline Method for Spatio-Temporal Inverse Model

Inverse models can be used to estimate surface fluxes in terms of the observed atmospheric concentration measurement data. This paper proposes a new nonparametric spatio-temporal inverse model and provides the global expressions for the estimates by employing the B-spline method. The authors establish the asymptotic normality of the estimators under mild conditions. The authors also conduct numerical studies to evaluate the finite sample performance of the proposed methodologies. Finally, the authors apply the method to anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission data from different provinces of Canada to illustrate the validity of the proposed techniques.