《左传》里的投降礼仪

中国古代的“礼”涉及到人们社会生活的方方面面，历代的礼学家有较多的研究，但对于其中的投降礼，却较少涉及。投降礼在《左传》中有三次确切记载：僖公六年，许僖公向楚成王投降；宣公十二年，郑襄公向楚庄王投降；昭公四年，赖国国君向楚灵王投降。实施投降礼仪通常是失败的国君“面缚、衔璧、肉袒”，大夫“衰绖”，士“舆榇”；接受投降的一方通常是“从之”，以礼相待。《左传））里的投降礼仪对后世产生了一定的影响。

Study on the Surrender Etiquette in Tso Chuan

Ritual system, which was studied by scholars of different dynasties, was very popular in every aspect of ancient China. But, surrender etiquette has not been attached much importance to in the research. Three records of surrender etiquette were mentioned in Tso Chuan （Zuo Qiuming＇s Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals）. They are recorded as follows： Baron Xi of the Xu State surrendered to King Cheng of the Chu State in the sixth year of Duke Xi （654 B.C.）; in the 12th year of Duke Xuan （597 B.C.）, Duke Xiang of the Zheng State rendered submissive to King Zhuang of the Chu State; and in the fourth year of Duke Zhao （538 B.C.）, the ruler of the State of Lai surrendered to King Ling of the State of Chu. In the process of the application of surrender etiquette, it was common that the rulers of those conquered states often tied their hands behind their backs and held a piece of jade in their mouths with their shoulders bared. At the same time, the conquered states＇ officials all wore mousing dress and several subordinates carried a coffin. On the other hand, the conquerors followed the etiquette and treated the conquered with proper attitudes. Surrender etiquette in Tso Chuan has posed some influence on latter ages.