论日本古代国家官僚制度的形成过程

大化改新在日本古代官僚制度的形成史上具有划时代的重大意义,其重要性在于使各级地方官吏的任命、罢免权集中于中央,从而打破了氏姓贵族世袭制的特权,迈出了律令官司制的第一步。天智朝的官制在继承大化时代官制的基础上,通过天智十年施行《近江令》使得官司制得以大大完备,作为一个体系已经确立,在以制度化确立官僚制这一点上可以称为是一个重要的发展阶段。到了天武朝时期,无论是从官司制、冠位制,还是从官吏任用、考课等方面来看,都反映出日本古代官僚制作为日本古代国家政治制度的核心制度已经基本确立。持统朝进一步完善了天武朝的官制,持统天皇八年迁都藤原宫,稳固的统治中心从此形成,官僚制度的体系也得以确立。《大宝律令》和《养老律令》的制定和实施,在法律体系上标志着日本古代国家官僚制度的正式形成。

Formation Process of the Bureaucratic System in Ancient Japan

In ancient Japan,the Reformation of the Taika has an epoch-making importance in the formation process of Japanese bureaucratic system.It means that the central government began to centralize the right to appoint and dismiss local officials at all levels that the hereditary privileges of clannish nobles were abrogated,and a legalistic bureaucracy started from scratch.Inherited from the Taika Era,the bureaucratic system in the Tenji Era came to maturity through enforcing of the Jinjiang Edict.As a system,it laid the foundation of central bureaucracy characterized.In the Temmu Era,the bureaucracy,the title system,as well as the appointment and assessment of officials all reflected the formation of the bureaucratic system as the core of the political system in ancient Japan.This kind of system was perfected in the Jito Era when Emperor Jito transferred his capital to Tengyuan Palace.It brought along a firm center of governing and a complete bureaucratic system.And the following constitution of Dabao Act and Yanglao Act gave birth to the formal formation of the bureaucratic system in ancient Japan from the legitimate perspective.