The waking brain: an update |
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Authors: | Jian-Sheng?Lin Christelle?Anaclet Olga?A?Sergeeva Email author" target="_blank">Helmut?L?HaasEmail author |
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Institution: | 1.INSERM-U628, Integrative Physiology of Brain Arousal Systems,Claude Bernard University,Lyon,France;2.Department of Neurophysiology,Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf,Düsseldorf,Germany |
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Abstract: | Wakefulness and consciousness depend on perturbation of the cortical soliloquy. Ascending activation of the cerebral cortex
is characteristic for both waking and paradoxical (REM) sleep. These evolutionary conserved activating systems build a network
in the brainstem, midbrain, and diencephalon that contains the neurotransmitters and neuromodulators glutamate, histamine,
acetylcholine, the catecholamines, serotonin, and some neuropeptides orchestrating the different behavioral states. Inhibition
of these waking systems by GABAergic neurons allows sleep. Over the past decades, a prominent role became evident for the
histaminergic and the orexinergic neurons as a hypothalamic waking center. |
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Keywords: | |
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